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加强自然保护区执法能力,对于保护自然资源、维护生态安全、促进自然保护区与社区协调发展等具有重要意义。然而,自然保护区执法能力受到法律体系是否完善、是否具备可实施性,以及执法资质和执法力量等多种因素制约。本研究以49个国家级自然保护区为研究对象,通过系统调研,首次较为全面地摸清了我国国家级自然保护区的执法模式、执法依据、执法资格、罚没款返还、执法面临问题等有关执法能力的相关因素,并提出了相应的对策建议,以期为提升全国自然保护区执法能力提供技术支持。

中国的象牙商业性禁贸政策是中国为保护野生大象种群、维护生物多样性的新举措; 野生动物执法成本则是影响象牙商业性禁贸政策目标实现与否的关键因素之一。从长远考察,该政策将遏制非法象牙贸易的发生进而降低野生动物执法成本; 但在该政策实施初期,由于合法象牙供应的消失,会导致部分象牙需求可能转向非法象牙贸易,从而刺激非法象牙贸易反弹,最终导致野生动物执法成本增加。因此,在象牙商业性禁贸政策实施初期,增加野生动物执法人员培训、执法设备购置、执法专项行动、国际合作等成本是必要的,而且这部分成本也可应用在打击其他野生动物犯罪当中,以提高相关执法资源的配置与使用效率。

本文汇总了中国海关2010—2017年查获的野生动物及其制品走私案件共4686起，依案件类型及数量等方面对期间的走私形势进行分析，结果表明：野生动物走私案件数量整体显著下降；空运途径的个人携带走私仍较突出；象牙及其制品走私案件数量急剧下降；来源非洲的走私仍处于较高水平。为进一步遏制野生动物及其制品走私，除加强进出境邮件监管外，还应建议来源国提升执法监管能力，并深入开展国际间执法情报交流；对象牙及其制品，尤其需要更广泛的世界范围的禁令。

野生动物作为宠物在我国已经比较普遍,这些异类宠物主要来自于野外捕捉、国外走私和人工繁育。文章分析了野生动物作为宠物带来的五大问题,包括触犯法律法规、刺激野外捕捉及影响动物繁育、造成人身伤害及传播疾病、刺激物种走私和造成物种入侵。野生动物保护执法部门在此类野生动物的保护执法时存在一些立案定性问题,主要是关于非CITES附录中的走私物种、人工繁育物种和孵化中卵(蛋)方面的问题,文章对这些问题相应地提出了建议。

中国象牙商业性禁贸政策实施后,非法象牙贸易的发展趋势可能出现3个阶段:首先在象牙商业性禁贸预期形成阶段,由于象牙加工、销售企业清仓甩货而拉低象牙价格,从而在客观上抑制非法象牙贸易; 其次,在象牙商业性禁贸实施初期,由于合法象牙制品消失而导致非法象牙价格上升,以及国际非法象牙贸易网络等因素的综合影响,可能导致非法象牙贸易增多; 第三,在象牙商业性禁贸实施一定时间后,非法象牙贸易将得到严格的控制并逐渐趋向消亡。为了保障象牙商业性禁贸目标的实现,中国需要加强公众生态文明意识的培养、增加野生动物执法相关资源的配置、加强与邻国在打击非法象牙贸易领域的合作。

This article makes the case for addressing nonhumans as actors in geopolitical processes such as boundary making and enforcement. The challenge of this line of argumentation is to account for nonhumans as actors without enacting dualistic ontologies that locate the natural and social in separate realms. To address this methodological challenge, I present a posthumanist political ecology. I elaborate my argument and methodological approach in relation to my research on the environmental dimensions of U.S. border security. Specifically, I examine how deserts, rivers, Tamaulipan Thornscrub, and cats inflect, disrupt, and obstruct the daily practices of boundary enforcement, leading state actors to call for more funding, infrastructure, boots on the ground, and surveillance technology. As my research illustrates, taking nonhumans seriously as actors alters explanations for the escalation of U.S. enforcement strategies.

ABSTRACT Law enforcement is essential for effective wildlife conservation. In Nigeria, enforcing wildlife laws faces significant challenges, primarily due to limited knowledge among officials. This study assessed these challenges in Oyo and Lagos States, focusing on the Nigerian Police Force (NPF), Nigerian Customs Service (NCS), National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency (NESREA), and Immigration Service (NIS). Data from structured surveys and interviews were analyzed using descriptive, inferential, and thematic methods. Findings revealed limited awareness of wildlife laws, with NESREA and NCS showing the highest knowledge levels. Compared to Oyo State, agencies in Lagos reported more experience with wildlife crime cases, and a significant positive relationship existed between officials' knowledge and experience handling such cases. These findings highlight the need for government action to address enforcement challenges and provide targeted training, ensuring agencies are equipped to enforce wildlife laws as legislation is strengthened.

Background: Police officers are at considerable risk of developing posttraumatic symptoms because they frequently encounter violent or emotionally disturbing incidents. We investigate experiences with potentially traumatic events (PTE), traumatic exposure, and the prevalence of probable posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), complex PTSD and subclinical PTSD in a sample of Belgian police officers. Methods: In total, 1,465 police officers from 15 Belgian Local Police zones participated in a web-based survey, consisting of three segments: evaluating experiences with a list of 29 PTE, assessing if any of these PTE accounted for traumatic exposure, and evaluating 1-month probable PTSD, complex PTSD and subclinical PTSD prevalence using the International Trauma Questionnaire (ITQ). Results: Police officers frequently experience a wide range of PTE. A large majority of 93.0% reports traumatic exposure. Assessment with ITQ shows a 1-month prevalence of 5.87% for probable PTSD and 1.50% for probable complex PTSD, while an additional 7.58% report subclinical PTSD. No demographic variables influenced PTSD prevalence. Cumulative PTE experiences in itself did not predict PTSD, while the characteristics of certain PTE did entail a higher prevalence of probable PTSD and subclinical PTSD. Discussion: This study is the first to evaluate experiences with PTE, traumatic exposure and 1-month prevalence of probable PTSD, complex PTSD, and subclinical PTSD in Belgian police officers. Police officers are frequently confronted with a broad variety of PTE, and a large majority reports traumatic exposure. The 1-month prevalence of probable PTSD is significantly higher compared to previous international research in the general population, but lower than in similar international research involving police officers. In this study, cumulative PTE experiences in itself did not reliably predict PTSD, while the characteristics of certain PTE did. Posttraumatic symptoms are an important mental health challenge in Belgian police. This study is the first to evaluate experiences with PTE, traumatic exposure and 1-month prevalence of probable PTSD, complex PTSD, and subclinical PTSD in Belgian police officers. Results show that police officers are frequently confronted with a broad variety of PTE, and a large majority reports traumatic exposure. The 1-month prevalence of probable PTSD is significantly higher compared to previous international research in the general population, but lower than in similar international research involving police officers. In this study, cumulative PTE experiences in itself did not reliably predict PTSD, while the characteristics of certain PTE did. Posttraumatic symptoms are an important mental health challenge in Belgian police.

If critical geopolitics seeks to upend practices of statecraft as well as mainstream research about it, then the danger is that it does so in terms of spatial structures of intelligibility provided by the latter. I deal with a particular aspect of this problem: how, despite broadening the security agenda, critical geopolitics has for the most part treated geopolitics and security as synonymous with foreign policy and foreign policy studies. One important consequence, as feminist political geographers argue, is that the state and statecraft are treated as abstract forces that float above the contingencies of everyday lives and spaces. To contribute to rethinking the scales of geopolitics and security, I look at the devolution of immigration enforcement in the United States after 11 September 2001 (hereinafter 9/11). So-called 287(g) and inherent authority-two chief elements of post-9/11 local-scale immigration enforcement-have come together to constitute a microgeopolitics of risk intensification for undocumented immigrants in the United States. 287(g) deputizes nonfederal officers as immigration agents; inherent authority empowers nonfederal police to enforce immigration law without cross-designation.