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99 result(s) for "暴雨"
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台风“天鹅”对“莫拉克”台风暴雨增幅影响的模拟分析
P437; 就2009年8月台风“天鹅”对“莫拉克”台风暴雨增幅的影响问题进行客观分析,并通过WRF数值模拟试验的方式进行研究探讨.利用NCEP/NCAR客观再分析资料分析发现“莫拉克”台风从“天鹅”台风环流中获取正涡度和水汽供应,有利于其台风强度的长期维持,是造成台湾地区超强降水的重要条件之一.进一步运用WRF数值模式对剔除“天鹅”台风的敏感性试验进行诊断分析,发现“天鹅”台风向“莫拉克”台风环流中有正涡度及水汽供应,与客观分析较为一致,最终估算出“莫拉克”台风在台湾地区南部造成的超强降水中有近三成来自于“天鹅”台风的动力和水汽贡献.
太行山地形对华北暴雨影响的数值模拟试验
P467; 利用高分辨率区域气候模式RegCM3对华北地区1996年夏季降水进行了数值模拟,对照中国台站的实测资料,对模拟的夏季降水量日变化特征进行了比较,在此基础上,设计了太行山地形敏感性试验,模拟了太行山脉地形高度变化对1996年夏季发生在华北地区的3次典型暴雨过程的影响.研究结果认为,RegCM3模式能够较好地模拟1996年夏季华北地区雨带位置及主要降水过程,对3次典型暴雨过程中暴雨中心的落区及位置移动均有较好的表现,不足的是模拟的降水量偏大.地形敏感性试验结果发现,太行山地形对华北暴雨天气过程有着重要影响,但是对于不同型态的暴雨过程,地形的影响有不同表现.对于太行山区型暴雨,太行山地形的阻挡和抬升作用导致迎风坡和背风坡降水增加,而去掉地形后太行山两侧降水明显减少;对于回流型暴雨,降水系统从东北地区南部向西南方向移动,低层气流主要为偏东型气流,地形的存在对于降水系统的西移速度及降水落区均有重要影响,去掉地形后太行山东侧降水明显减少;对于东移型暴雨,降水从太行山南麓向东北方向移动,太行山脉对于环流形势的影响并不明显,因而仅影响降水强度,对降水位置影响不大.
水文变化驱动的暴雨-洪涝灾害主动模拟方法
随着全球气候变化和城市化进程的加剧,暴雨-洪涝灾害呈现出突发性强、预见期短的特征,其时空变化的复杂性和不确定性日益突出,暴雨-洪涝灾害的模拟预警已经成为国际学术研究的热点前沿。大量已有研究基于稳定环境的理论假设,采用静态数据驱动的被动式模拟方法导致“数据滞后、分析滞后和决策滞后”的问题日益突出。
龙岩市烟叶气象灾害风险评价与区划
P429; 应用风险管理的理论和方法,对福建省龙岩市烟叶种植面临的气象灾害风险进行了风险评价和管理。在对当地烟叶种植面临的气象灾害风险识别和分析的基础上,通过对危险性、暴露性、脆弱性3因子的分析,构建了当地烟叶种植面临气象灾害的风险评价指标体系和灾害风险评估模型。利用该风险评估模型对龙岩地区各县(市)进行了风险评估,得出了各县(市)的霜冻和暴雨洪涝灾害的风险指数,并根据制定的风险等级划分标准,进行了风险等级的区划,为龙岩市烟叶种植结构的调整和灾害预防提供了科学的依据。
2011年江苏省一次暴雨过程的影响系统分析及物理量诊断
P426; 利用NECP/NCAR提供的逐日再分析资料,对江苏省2011年6月24—25日暴雨从环流形势、云图实况对照水汽通量和水汽通道变化3个方面进行了分析,结果表明前期影响该次暴雨过程的天气系统是西风槽,后期是台风,中期是两者相互作用。通过诊断过程水汽通量散度、垂直速度、散度和垂直螺旋度,发现它们作为25日强降水的预报因子,具有预报先兆性,大约有9~12 h的提前预报量。同时,发现近海台风(米雷)中低层垂直螺旋度由负变正并增加时,未来12 h内易出现强降水,而当中低层垂直螺旋度开始明显减小时,未来12 h内降水会逐渐减小,若减小是由正变负,则降水减弱时间更快,提前量在2 h左右。对于24和25日降水性质的不同,运用K指数加以验证,表明24日主要为多对流性降水,25日对流性减弱,以系统性降水为主。
江淮锋面和华南暖区两次暴雨过程可预报性对比
P435; 以2008年6月9-10日江淮地区的锋面暴雨和2008年6月6-7日华南地区的暖区暴雨为例,采用模式试验的方法,研究了这2个不同地域不同类型的暴雨的模式可预报性的差异.控制试验的结果表明,2个地区的暴雨都可以用WRF模式得到较好的模拟再现.通过在控制试验的初始场上对温度场和风场添加高斯随机扰动误差构造敏感性集合成员,结果表明初始场的微小误差在24h内使得华南暴雨与江淮暴雨的模拟结果都发生较大改变,但华南暴雨的误差增长快于江淮暴雨,导致华南暴雨模拟结果发生更大的改变.通过对集合离散度的分析表明,华南暴雨与江淮暴雨的离散度都随积分时间延长而不断增大,但华南暴雨的集合离散度增长更快,华南暴雨的集合离散度在模式各层上都远大于江淮暴雨.从误差增长和集合预报的角度讲,华南暴雨的模式可预报性比江淮暴雨的模式可预报性差.
副高边缘暴雨过程中的GPS可降水量和假相当位温分布特征
P458.121; 利用2010年8月石家庄地基GPS反演的可降水量、地面加密自动站和常规天气资料,对由副高进退引起的河北省中南部一次强降水天气过程中GPS可降水量和地面假相当位温的演变趋势进行了详细分析.结果表明:1)此次暴雨过程是由副高边缘暖湿气流与切变线共同作用造成的,强降水区主要出现在500hPa的584~588 dagpm线、700~850 hPa切变线之间;2)降水出现时GPS可降水量基本对应于高值阶段,强降水出现时可降水量位于峰值前后;降水出现时GPS可降水量偏离系数为正值,而强降水一般出现在偏离系数超过1时;3)对同一测站而言,GPS可降水量越大对应的实际降水越强.当测站不同时,GPS可降水量高并不一定代表更强的降水,这与测站的地理位置和海拔高度有关.4)降水出现前热力和水汽条件配置好,能量不断积累,假相当位温逐渐升至极大值.随着降水出现与能量的释放,假相当位温回落到谷值阶段,此谷值越低、持续时间越长,对应的降水也越强.
TRMM/PR资料在中尺度模式MM5中的应用
将中尺度非静力模式MM5中的积云参数化Grell方案作了改进,使它含有降水云的云水,即雨水含量,并用该模式对1998年6月29日08时-30日08时(北京时)和1998年7月1日08时-2日08时(北京时)发生在淮河流域的两次特大暴雨进行数值模拟研究,同时通过采用R-qr关系将TRMM/PR(Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission/Precipitation Radar)得到的降水强度资料月计算出比含水量qr,然后用qv′=qv+qr取代原模式中的比湿qv。结果表明将TRMM/PR资料加入模式后,由于PR雷达具有较高的空间分辨率,能够很好地反映中小尺度系统的空间结构,能够使湿度值接近实际,缩短了中尺度系统的发展时间,使得模拟出来的降雨强度、雨量中心位置以及雨带形状更接近实况。
Green Infrastructure and the Hidden Politics of Urban Stormwater Governance in a Postindustrial City
Infrastructure tells a material story of ongoing challenges in cities, reflecting the diverse, normative desires of different communities. In this article we examine the introduction of green infrastructure technologies into urban infrastructure systems to think critically about these challenges and desires. Green infrastructure is an intentionally designed, multifunctional technology that directly uses or mimics the ecological processes of soils and plants (e.g., green rooftops, rain gardens, and bioswales). Facing budget shortfalls as well as demands to mitigate hazards and green the city, urban leaders are looking at green infrastructure as a facility that can provide diverse cobenefits along with traditional services. A focus on stormwater-based metrics, however-effectively reframing green infrastructure as green stormwater infrastructure-discursively tamps down alternative politics and desires for the city. Through a case study of Pittsburgh's stormwater governance, we argue that the work to (re)technologize green infrastructure as green stormwater infrastructure is an act of depoliticization that hinders needed conversations about just infrastructure outcomes. We draw on themes from qualitative interviews with community members engaged in urban water governance to suggest that these moments of transition provide an opportunity to illuminate previously obscured infrastructure politics and challenge the forms of knowledge that bind us to conventional routines of urban environmental governance. We see an opportunity to reframe the conversation in a way that opens up opportunities for historically disenfranchised communities to voice their needs beyond the technocratic problem of stormwater management.
Community-based scenario modelling and disaster risk assessment of urban rainstorm waterlogging
Scenario modelling and the risk assessment of natural disasters is one of the hotspots in disaster research. However, up until now, urban natural disaster risk assessments lack common procedures and programmes. This paper selects rainstorm waterlogging as a disaster to research, which is one of the most frequently occurring hazards for most cities in China. As an example, we used a small-scale integrated methodology to assess risks relating to rainstorm waterlogging hazards in the Jing'an District of Shanghai. Based on the basic concept of disaster risk, this paper applies scenario modelling to express the risk of small-scale urban rainstorm waterlogging disasters in different return periods. Through this analysis of vulnerability and exposure, we simulate different disaster scenarios and propose a comprehensive analysis method and procedure for small-scale urban storm waterlogging disaster risk assessments. A grid-based Geographical Information System (GIS) approach, including an urban terrain model, an urban rainfall model and an urban drainage model, was applied to simulate inundation area and depth. Stage-damage curves for residential buildings and contents were then generated by the loss data of waterlogging from field surveys, which were further applied to analyse vulnerability, exposure and loss assessment. Finally, the exceedance probability curve for disaster damage was constructed using the damage of each simulated event and the respective exceedance probabilities. A framework was also developed for coupling the waterlogging risk with the risk planning and management through the exceedance probability curve and annual average waterlogging loss. This is a new exploration for small-scale urban natural disaster scenario simulation and risk assessment.