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Aim： To determine how the relative amino acid contents and metabolic pathways regulate the pharmacological phenotypes in rats with cerebral ischemia after treatment with varying doses of DanHong injection （DHI）. Methods： Adult male rats underwent middle cerebral artery occlusion （MCAO）, and were injected with DHI （DH-1： 1 mL/kg; DH-2： 2.5 mL/kg; DH-3：5 mL/kg, and DH-4：10 mL/kg, iv） daily for 3 d. The neurological deficit score, body weights and infarct volume were assessed. Serum levels of 20 free amino acids were determined using HPLC, and the values were transformed through the quantitative analysis of the amino acids in the serum metabolic spectrum. Multivariate statistical analysis methods （PCA and PLS-DA） and web-based metabolomics tools （MetPa and MetaboAnalyst） were used to analyze the biological data sets for the amino acids. Results： Administration of DHI dose-dependently decreased cerebral infarct volume, and ameliorated neurological deficits. A total of 5, 6, 7 and 7 non-overlapping metabolites were identified in the DH-1, DH-2, DH-3, and DH-4 groups, respectively. Eight metabolites were shared between the DHI groups and the vehicle group. In addition, the serum levels of glutamic acid, aspartic acid and serine increased with increasing DHI dose. A total of 3, 2, 2 and 5 non-overlapping metabolic pathways were identified in the DH-1, DH-2, DH-3 and DH-4 groups, respectively, and glycine, serine, threonine and histidine metabolism were identified as overlapping pathways among the 4 dose groups. Conclusion： Overlapping and non-overlapping amino acid metabolites and metabolic pathways are associated with the dose-dependent neuroprotective effect of DHI.

Solution culture was conducted in order to understand accumulation characteristics and chemical forms of Pb in Arenaria orbiculata （A. orbiculata） and the response of root exudates to Pb addition. The results showed that： 1） Pb contents in the shoot and root of A. orbiculata increased with increasing in Pb concentrations in solution. 2） The contents of Pb chemical forms under Pb addition followed as： HAc extractable fraction＇（FriAC）〉 HC1 extractable fraction （FHcl）〉 NaCl extractable fraction （FNacl） 〉 ethanol-extractable fraction （FE） 〉 water extractable fraction （Fw）. 3） Increased Pb level in the medium caused increases in Pb contents in the four subcellular fractions of shoots and roots, with most accumulation in FIV （Fraction ＇IV, sbluble fraction） in shoots and FI （Fraction I, cell wall fraction） in roots. 4） Contents of soluble sugar and free amino acid of root exudates increased with increasing Pb concentration in solution. Significantly positive correlations between Pb and contents of soluble sugar and free amino acid were observed. 5） With Pb concentrations in solution, low molecular weight organic acids （LMWOAs） contents followed the tendency： tartaric acid 〉 acetic acid 〉 malic acid 〉 citric acid. Significantly positive correlation was observed between Pb and citric acid contents. The results indicate that soluble sugars, free amino acid and citric acid in root exudates of A.orbiculata facilitate the absorption and accumulation of Pb, which exist in NaCl-, HCI- and HAc- extractable Pb forms, FI and FIV fractions, resulting in tolerance of A.orbiculata to Pb.

[ Objective] The paper aimed to study effects of extrusion temperature on free gossypol and nutritional components of cottonseed meal. [ Method ] Dif- ferent extrusion temperatures （90, 100, 110, 120 and 130℃ ） were designed, and contents of free gossypol and nutritional components in cottonseed meal were de- termined. [ Result] The optimal temperature for extrusion of cottonseed meal was 120℃, the degradation rate of free gossypol no longer increased with the increas- ing temperature when the temperature exceeded 120℃. The nitrogen solvable index （NSI） in cottonseed meal reduced quickly with the increase of extrusion temper- ature, and the contents of crude fiber, available lysine and total lysine in cottonseed meal decreased significantly, but the contents of total amino acids and essential amino acid reached maximums at the extrusion temperature of 120℃. The content of branched-chain amino acids also reached a maximum at 120℃. [ Conclusion] The extrusion temperature of 120℃ was preferred for lowering free gossypol significantly when maintaining higher nutritional value of cottonseed meal. The paper provided a certain technical basis for extrusion processing of cottonseed meal.

Peripheral and central sensitizations are phenomena that occur during migraine. The role of gabapentin, a migraine preventive drug, on central sensitization remains unclear. In this study, a rat model of migraine was established by electrical stimulation of the trigeminal ganglion, and the animals were given intragastric gabapentin. Changes in amino acid content in the cerebrospinal fluid and protein kinase C membrane translocation in the spinal trigeminal nucleus were examined to clarify the mechanisms underlying the efficacy of gabapentin in the treatment of central sensiti- zation during migraine. Electrophysiology, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and western blot analysis results revealed that gabapentin reduces neuronal excitability in the spinal nucleus in the trigeminal nerve, decreases excitatory amino acid content and inhibits the activation of protein kinase C. This provides evidence that excitatory amino acids and protein kinase C are involved in the formation and maintenance of central sensitization during migraine. Gabapentin inhibits mi- graine by reducing excitatory amino acid content in the cerebrospinal fluid and inhibiting protein kinase C activation.

Ladder-like polysilsesquioxanes (LPSQs) with different amino contents have been synthesized by controlling of the dosage of Pd/C catalyst. The concentration and activity of amino groups were investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Polyimide (PI)/LPSQ hybrid films have been prepared by incorporating of the obtained LPSQs with different amino contents into PI matrix, respectively. The interfacial interactions between PI matrix and LPSQ were studied with scanning electron microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, meanwhile the thermal and mechanical properties of the hybrid films were studied using dynamic mechanical analysis and tensile tests. The results indicate that the functionality of LPSQ has great effects on the interfacial interactions and the properties of hybrid films. With the increase of amino content, both the interfacial interactions and the cross-linking density of hybrids enhanced, which results in the decline of surface silicon concentration, increase of Young’s modulus and drop of elongation at break. Excessive amino content makes the hybrid films brittle and leads to incomplete imidization.