Explore the vast range of titles available.

受外界环境和仪器设备等的影响,实时水位观测数据流噪声和数据异常问题突出,严重制约了实时应用效能。针对已有数据清洗方法适应性差,难以根据动态观测数据的变化特征进行动态调整问题,本文提出了一种水文变化语义约束的实时水位观测数据流在线滤波方法：在实时水位观测数据变化特征与水文时空过程动态演变规律之间建立高层语义映射,实现水文变化语义知识约束下的卡尔曼模型参数自适应调整,从而突破传统滤波方法的瓶颈。采用多种降雨情景下的实时水位观测数据进行了试验,证明了该方法结果质量的可靠性。

随着全球气候变化和城市化进程的加剧，暴雨-洪涝灾害呈现出突发性强、预见期短的特征，其时空变化的复杂性和不确定性日益突出，暴雨-洪涝灾害的模拟预警已经成为国际学术研究的热点前沿。大量已有研究基于稳定环境的理论假设，采用静态数据驱动的被动式模拟方法导致“数据滞后、分析滞后和决策滞后”的问题日益突出。

水分是干旱区的主要限制因子之一,降水是干旱区最重要的水分来源。根据气候变化研究的预测,未来我国干旱区的降水格局会改变,包括降水量、降水频率和降水强度等。降水变化会影响干旱区的土壤变化,植被变化,土地荒漠化和水文变化等方面。我国极端干旱区和干旱区的降水有总体增加趋势,而部分半干旱区和亚湿润干旱区的降水则出现减少趋势。降水的增加能够促进生物土壤结皮的发育,改善土壤水分状况,促进植物生长,提高植被盖度,促使荒漠植被向草原植被方向发展,有利于土地荒漠化的逆转;另外,降水增加会增加河流的径流量和湖泊水量,促进洪水的发生,降水减少则具有相反的效应。这些研究有助于人们预测干旱区在未来降水格局改变之后可能发生的变化,对于天然植被保育以及荒漠化防治等实践工作等具有重要的理论指导意义。未来的研究需要加强实验,如增雨、升温、模拟氮沉降和CO2浓度增加等对干旱区的土壤、植被、荒漠化和水文等方面的影响,才能获得更有说服力的结果。

Study on hydroclimatological changes in the mountainous river basins has attracted great interest in recent years. Changes in temperature, precipitation and river discharge pattern could be considered as indicators of hydroclimatological changes of the river basins. In this study, the temperatures （maximum and minimum）, precipitation, and discharge data from 1980 to 2009 were used to detect the hydroclimatological changes in the Bagmati River Basin, Nepal. Simple linear regression and Mann-Kendall test statistic were used to examine the significant trend of temperature, precipitation, and discharge. Increasing trend of temperature was found in all seasons, although the change rate was different in different seasons for both minimum and maximum temperatures. However, stronger warming trend was found in maximum temperature in comparison to the minimum in the whole basin. Both precipitation and discharge trend were increasing in the pre-monsoon season, but decreasing in the post-monsoon season. The significant trend of precipitation could not be observed in winter, although discharge trend was decreasing. Furthermore, the intensity of peak discharge was increasing, though there was not an obvious change in the intensity of maximum precipitation events. It is expected that all these changes have effects on agriculture, hydropower plant, and natural biodiversity in the mountainous river basin of Nepal.

Poyang Lake is the largest freshwater lake in China, and it has a seasonal flooding cycle that significantly changes the water level every year. The aim of this paper was to explain how these hydrological changes influence diatom populations in Poyang Lake. The yearly hydrological cycle can be divided into 4 phases: low water-level phase, increasing water-level phase, high water-level phase and decreasing water-level phase. Variations in the abundance of planktonic diatoms were studied using quarterly monitoring data collected from January 2009 to October 2013. Generally, diatoms were dominant in Poyang Lake and accounted for more than 50% of the total phytoplankton biomass except in July 2009 (26%) and January 2012 (35%). Aulacoseira granulata and Surirella robusta were the predominant species in all four phases, and they accounted for 25.02% to 56.89% and 5.07% to 14.78% of the total phytoplankton biomass, respectively. A redundancy analysis (RDA) showed that changes in physico-chemical parameter were related to the water level, and changes in diatom biomass were related to nitrite levels and pH. These results indicate that changes in environmental parameters related to both seasonal variations and water-level fluctuations caused variations in diatom biomass and community composition in Poyang Lake. Furthermore, extreme hydrological events can have different influences on the diatom community composition in the main channel and lentic regions. This research provides data on the diatom variations in Poyang Lake and will be useful for establishing biological indicators of environmental change and protecting Poyang Lake in the future.

Regulation of streamflow by a reservoir creates a flow regime much different from the preimpoundment period flow regime. Hydro-Electric Projects（HEPs） commissioned in the Western Ghat regions of the Kerala State, India during the last four decades caused considerable changes in the flow regimes of the rivers of the Kerala State in southwest India. In this paper, the Indicators of Hydrologic Alteration（IHA） approach proposed by Richter et al.（1996） is used to analyze flow regime changes in the Periyar and Muvattupuzha Rivers, due to the construction of the Idukki（1976）, Idamalayar（1987） and Lower Periyar（1997） HEPs in the high ranges of the Western Ghats. Normal rainfall years（annual rainfall values within mean ± 0.75 standard deviation limits） are only considered in the analysis to focus on hydrologic alterations due to human activities. The mean hydrologic alteration in the Periyar River（deviation from the pre-development hydrologic indicator values） after commissioning of three HEPs is 35%. Inter-basin water transfer after power generation from the Idukki HEP resulted in a higher discharge in the adjacent Muvattupuzha River, leading to considerable changes in the hydroenvironment（mean hydrologic alterations varying between 57 to 63%）. IHA parameters showing hydrologic alterations above the 67 th Percentile werefurther analyzed. For each of the pre-construction hydrologic parameters ± 1 standard deviation from the mean is set as the upper and lower management target limits. The values of each IHA parameter beyond these targets are considered as nonattainment. Considerable hydrologic alterations are observed, especially for low flows in both basins. Inter-basin transfer induced larger changes in flow parameters compared to intra-basin regulations. The study shows that under a proper water release and diversion scheme, the non-attainment of IHA parameters（values fall beyond the target limits） can be reduced. The findings of the study will be greatly beneficial to regional water management and restoration of an eco-environmental system in the humid tropical region.

Over one hundred artifacts, including shards, chopped wood, bronze and iron ware debris as well as footprints, have been discovered during archaeological investigations at and around the central Taklamakan Desert Yuansha Site （38°52′N, 81°35′E）. Dating （14C and OSL） and landform study show that the present-day dry Keriya River once sustained an oasis human settlement in 2.6 ka BP, historically falling into the Spring and Autumn Period （716-475 BCE） of Chinese history. The chronology and archaeological interpretations also show that some 400 years later, the local Keriya River channel had shifted 40 km southeast to sustain a Western Han （206 BCE-25 CE） Wumi settlement at the Karadun site. In the meantime, river-channel migration had allowed reoccupation of a site west of Yuansha City around 1.9 ka BP （abandoned again by 1.6 ka BP）. The remains＇ chronology shows that this site was affiliated to Wumi culture and Eastern Han （24-220 CE） dynasty rule. Palaeoclimatic records indicate that the migrations of the river and oasis settlers between 2.7 and 1.6 ka BP were coeval with Central Asian climate changes. Yuansha City was built just after the end of 2.8 ka BP glacier advances in western China, suggesting that release of more water during the subsequent glacier recession may have facilitated oasis development such that Iron Age European peoples could settle in the Tarim Basin. As shown from analysis of archeological remains, not only at Yuansha but also in other ancient cities in the Tarim such as Loulan and Jingjue （Niya）, conditions around 1.6 ka BP were dry enough to cause oasis decline. Thus, the results reported here enhance our knowledge about environmental changes and their effects on human activities and cultural evolution in western China and will stimulate further interdisciplinary studies of landscape and oasis history in the Tarim Basin.

Debris flow often causes enormous loss to life and property, especially on alluvial fans. Engineering structures such as retention check dams are essential to reduce the damage. In hazard mitigation evaluation and planning it is of significance to determine the location, size and type of dam and the effects of damage mitigation. We present a numerical simulation method using Kanako simulator for hazard mitigation planning of debris flow disaster in Tanjutani Gully, Kyoto City, Japan. The simulations were carried out for three situations： 1） the simulations of erosion, deposition, hydrograph changing and inundation when there were no mitigation measures; 2） the simulations of check dams in four locations （470 m, 810 m, 1,210 m and 1,610 m from the upstream end） to identify the best location; 3） the simulations of check dams of three types （closed, slit and grid） to analyze their effects on sediment trapping and discharge reduction. Based on the simulations, it was concluded that two closed check dams （located at 470 m and 1,610 m from the upstream end） in the channel and a drainage channel on the alluvial fan can reduce the risk on the alluvial fan to an acceptable level.

The hydrologic changes and the impact of these changes constitute a fundamental global-warmingrelated concern. Faced with threats to human life and natural ecosystems, such as droughts, floods, and soil erosion, water resource planners must increasingly make future risk assessments. Though hydrological predictions associated with the global climate change are already being performed, mainly through the use of GCMs, coarse spatial resolutions and uncertain physical processes limit the representation of terrestrial water/energy interactions and the variability in such systems as the Asian monsoon. Despite numerous studies, the regional responses of hydrologic changes resulting from climate change remains inconclusive. In this paper, an attempt at dynamical downsealing of future hydrologic projection under global climate change in Asia is addressed. The authors conducted present and future Asian regional climate simulations which were nested in the results of Atmospheric General Circulation Model （AGCM） experiments. The regional climate model could capture the general simulated features of the AGCM. Also, some regional phenomena such as orographic precipitation, which did not appear in the outcome of the AGCM simulation, were successfully produced. Under global warming, the increase of water vapor associated with the warmed air temperature was projected. It was projected to bring more abundant water vapor to the southern portions of India and the Bay of Bengal, and to enhance precipitation especially over the mountainous regions, the western part of India and the southern edge of the Tibetan Plateau. As a result of the changes in the synoptic flow patterns and precipitation under global warming, the increases of annual mean precipitation and surface runoff were projected in many regions of Asia. However, both the positive and negative changes of seasonal surface runoff were projected in some regions which will increase the flood risk and cause a mismatch between water demand and water availability in the agricultural season.

This paper investigates the hydrological interactions in the atmosphere-evegetation-soil system by using the bucket model and several new simplified intermediately complex models. The results of mathematical analysis and numerical simulations show that these models, despite their simplicity, can very clearly reveal the essential features of the rather complex hydrological system of atmosphere-ecosystem-soil. For given atmospheric variables, these models clearly demonstrate multiple timescales, the ＂red shift＂ of response spectra, multi-equilibria and limit cycles, bifurcation, abrupt change, self-organization, recovery, ＂desertification＂, and chaos. Most of these agree with observations. Especially, the weakening of ＂shading effect＂ of living canopy and the wilted biomass might be a major mechanism leading to the desertification in a relatively short period due to overgrazing, and the desertification in a relatively long period or in climate of change might be due to both Charney＇s mechanism and the shading effect. These ideas could be validated with further numerical simulations. In the paper, some methods for improving the estimation of timescales in the soil water evolution responding to the forcing are also proposed.