Explore the vast range of titles available.

Aim： To examine the effects of a mixed formulation composed of prostaglandin E1 and lithium （PGEI＋Li mixture） on brain damage after cerebral ischemia. The effects of the mixture on protein expression of heat shock proteins （HSPs）, p53, and Bcl-2 were also determined. Methods： Brain ischemia was induced with a permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion （pMCAO） in rats. Rats were treated with a single intravenous administration of PGE1, lithium or a PGEI＋Li mixture immediately after the ischemic insult. The infarct volume and motor behavior deficits were analyzed 24 h after the ischemic insult. The protein levels of HSPTO, glucose-regulated protein 78 （GRP78）, HSP60, Bcl-2, and p53 in the striatum of the ipsilateral hemisphere were examined using immunoblotting. Results： The mixture （PGE1 22.6 nmol/kg＋Li 0.5 mmol/kg） reduced infarct volume and neurological deficits induced by focal cerebral ischemia. Moreover, the mixture had a greater neuroprotective effect against cerebral ischemia compared with PGE1 or lithium alone. The mixture was effective even if it was administered 3 h after ischemia. PGEI＋Li also significantly upregulated cytoprotective HSPTO GRP78, HSP60, and Bcl-2 protein levels, while decreasing p53 expression. Conclusion： These results demonstrated a PGEI＋Li mixture with a therapeutic window of up to 3 h for clinical treatment of cerebral ischemia. The PGEI＋Li mixture potentially exerts a protective effect after stroke through the induction of HSPs and Bcl-2 proteins.

This paper is concerned with developing accurate and efficient numerical methods for one-dimensional fully nonlinear second order elliptic and parabolic partial differential equations （PDEs）. In the paper we present a general framework for constructing high order interior penalty discontinuous Galerkin （IP-DG） methods for approximating viscosity solutions of these fully nonlinear PDEs. In order to capture discontinuities of the second order derivative uxx of the solution u, three independent functions p1,p2 and p3 are introduced to represent numerical derivatives using various one-sided limits. The proposed DG frame- work, which is based on a nonstandard mixed formulation of the underlying PDE, embeds a nonlinear problem into a mostly linear system of equations where the nonlinearity has been modified to include multiple values of the second order derivative uxz. The proposed framework extends a companion finite difference framework developed by the authors in [9] and allows for the approximation of fully nonlinear PDEs using high order polynomials and non-uniform meshes. In addition to the nonstandard mixed formulation setting, another main idea is to replace the fully nonlinear differential operator by a numerical operator which is consistent with the differential operator and satisfies certain monotonicity （called g-monotonicity） properties. To ensure such a g-monotonicity, the crux of the construction is to introduce the numerical moment, which plays a critical role in the proposed DG frame- work. The g-monotonicity gives the DG methods the ability to select the mathematically ＂correct＂ solution （i.e., the viscosity solution） among all possible solutions. Moreover, the g-monotonicity allows for the possible development of more efficient nonlinear solvers as the special nonlinearity of the algebraic systems can be explored to decouple the equations. This paper also presents and analyzes numerical results for several numerical test problems which are used to guage the accuracy and efficiency of the proposed DG methods.