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諸多研究建議輔以網路社群促進實體教師社群的專業學習，文獻指出運用社會資本的觀點，有助於顯示社群內部如何透過社會互動、認知互動，以創造社群的價值，然而其效益仍有待系統化的探討。本研究旨在基於社會資本的觀點，視覺化分析不同領導行為的校內專業學習社群，其延伸運用Facebook社團功能之運作情形，以及個人專業成長之情形。由於相關研究顯示不同領導行為影響教師專業學習社群之運作效能，本研究針對同儕式校長領導型、教師領導型兩種不同領導行為的小學教師專業學習社群，分別蒐集為期一年的線上發表討論、線上回應文字、文件分析、與教師晤談，並透過社會資本理論中的結構、關係、認知三大面向，結合學科教學知識形成分析架構。結果顯示，不同領導行為的Facebook社團中，皆符合教師專業學習社群的五個重要特徵。於結構面向，兩校皆以網路連繫作為Facebook社團的支持性條件；於關係面向，以能量與參與的視覺化互動圖，可觀察社群成員彼此互動情形，不同Facebook社團領導行為的兩校仍致力達成共享領導；於認知面向，不同領導行為會引向不同的共享願景，因而產生不同途徑的集體學習，以及不同類別的共享個人實務經驗。本研究的發現與建議可作為未來分析與實施教師專業學習社群結合線上社群之參考

劳海盆是西南太平洋的一个正在活动的边缘海之一,属于相对简单的洋内边缘海盆,一直以来被作为检验板块构造及海底扩张的一个理想地区。劳海盆的熔岩化学及岩石学的研究成果,对评价蛇绿岩套的源区及正常洋中脊背景中的洋壳模型具有非常重要的意义。此外,深入研究劳海盆出露的硫化物矿床的成因对现存于陆地上的古老类似矿床的勘探模型的建立扮演重要的作用。在系统阐述汤加弧-劳海盆系统的地质概况、构造地质学、岩石学及热液矿床研究进展的基础上,指出了劳海盆所存在的一些重要的科学问题,并指明了下一步研究的重点方向。利用2007年我国在执行环球考察第19航次期间所获得的岩石、硫化物样品,开展对劳海盆岩浆-构造-热液成矿系统的综合研究,有利于提高我国对边缘海盆的基础研究水平。

Unlike existing texts, this book blends for the first time three topics in physics - symmetry, condensed matter physics and computational methods - into one pedagogical textbook. It includes new concepts in mathematical crystallography; experimental methods capitalizing on symmetry aspects; non-conventional applications such as Fourier crystallography, color groups, quasicrystals and incommensurate systems; as well as concepts and techniques behind the Landau theory of phase transitions. Adopting a computational approach to the application of group theoretical techniques to solving symmetry related problems, it dramatically alleviates the need for intensive calculations usually found in the presentation of symmetry. Writing computer programs helps the student achieve a firm understanding of the underlying concepts, and sample programs, based on Mathematica, are presented throughout the book. Containing over 150 exercises, this textbook is ideal for graduate students in condensed matter physics, materials science, and chemistry. Solutions and computer programs are available online at www.cambridge.org/9780521828451.

目的 评价环甲膜通气条件下通气压力和频率对模拟肺的胸内压、气道压和肺内压等有关参量的影响，探讨环甲膜通气物理数据及其安全性。方法 采用物理肺模型模拟环甲膜通气，当改变氧气工作压力和通气频率时，观察模型中的胸内压、气道压和肺内压数值变化。结果 在工作压力不变的情况下，通气频率增加，胸内负压升高，气道压和肺内压下降。工作压力超过3kg·cm^-2，通气频率较低时易引起胸内压、气道压和肺内压过度增高造成气压伤。结论 采用3kg·cm^-2工作压力，频率在15～30次·min^-1之间进行环甲膜通气是安全的。

This graduate-level textbook on thermal physics covers classical thermodynamics, statistical mechanics and its applications. It describes theoretical methods to calculate thermodynamic properties, such as the equation of state, specific heat, Helmholtz free energy, magnetic susceptibility and phase transitions of macroscopic systems. In addition to the more standard material covered, this book also describes powerful techniques, which are not found elsewhere, to determine the correlation effects on which the thermodynamic properties are based. Particular emphasis is given to the cluster variation method and a novel formulation is developed for its expression in terms of correlation functions. Although a basic knowledge of quantum mechanics is required, the mathematical formulations are accessible and entirely self-contained. The book will therefore constitute an ideal companion text for graduate students studying courses on the theory of complex analysis, classical mechanics, classical electrodynamics, and quantum mechanics.

This book expounds three special kinds of matrices that are of physical interest, centering on physical examples. Stochastic matrices describe dynamical systems of many different types, involving (or not) phenomena like transience, dissipation, ergodicity, nonequilibrium, and hypersensitivity to initial conditions. The main characteristic is growth by agglomeration, as in glass formation. Circulants are the building blocks of elementary Fourier analysis and provide a natural gateway to quantum mechanics and noncommutative geometry. Bell polynomials offer closed expressions for many formulas concerning Lie algebra invariants, differential geometry and real gases, and their matrices are instrumental in the study of chaotic mappings.

This article presents an extensive review of the status of the search of the dark matter. The first eight sections are devoted to topics in dark matter and its experimental searches, and the rest to selected topics in astrophysics and cosmology, which are intended to supply some of the needed background for students in particle physics. Sections 9 and 13 are introductory cosmology. The three astrophysical topics, Big Bang nucleosynthesis Section 10, Boltzmann transport equation and freeze out of massive particles Section 11, and CMB anisotropy Section 12 can all be studied in analytical approaches when reasonable approximations are made. Their original analytically forms, to which this article follows very closely, were given by particle physicists. Dark matter is an evolving subject requiring timely update to stay current. Hence a review of such a subject matter would undoubtedly have something wanting when it appears in print. It is hoped that this review can form a humble basis for those graduate students who would like to pursue the subject of dark matter. The reader can use the extensive table of contents to see in some details the materials covered in the article.

Parton physics,when formulated as light-front correlations,are difficult to study non-perturbatively,despite the promise of lightfront quantization.Recently an alternative approach to partons have been proposed by re-visiting original Feynman picture of a hadron moving at asymptotically large momentum.Here I formulate the approach in the language of an effective field theory for a large hadron momentum P in lattice QCD,LaMET for short.I show that using this new effective theory,parton properties,including light-front parton wave functions,can be extracted from lattice observables in a systematic expansion of 1/P,much like that the parton distributions can be extracted from the hard scattering data at momentum scales of a few GeV.

Graphene has attracted the interest of chemists, physicists, and materials scientists due to its extraordinary structural, mechanical, and electronic properties. While pristine graphene is desirable for applications that require a high electrical conductivity, many other applications require modified or functionalized forms of graphene, such as graphene oxide, reduced graphene, or other functionalized forms. Structurally modifying graphene through chemical functionalization reveals the numerous possibilities for tuning its structure; several chemical and physical functionalization methods have been explored to improve the stabilization and modification of graphene. In this review, we report recent progress towards the chemical modification of graphene, including both covalent and noncovalent methods, for use in various applications.