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TM73; 针对分布式电源（ DG）接入配电网后可能引起保护误动作的问题，分析了分布式电源接入配电网后对短路电流的影响，推导了各种情况下短路电流的计算公式，分析了反时限过电流保护误动作的可能性，对一个10 kV 配电网的反时限过电流保护的启动电流和时间特性系数进行了整定计算，仿真分析了短路电流和动作时限的变化及反时限过电流保护误动的可能性。结果表明，仅当 DG所在线路上DG上游发生故障时，处于故障点和DG之间的保护发生误动作的可能性较大。

Fossil fuel price volatility is one of the key factors impacting energy security. Taiwan relies upon imported energy for more than 90% of its total energy usage, making it highly vulnerable and deeply influenced by the uncertainty of international fuel markets. Therefore, Taiwan's energy investment decision is confronted with risk from fossil fuel prices. To understand how to set up electricity portfolio planning under risk and uncertainty, this study adopts a Mean-Variance Analysis of portfolio theory and employs the expected utility theorem to explore the optimal electricity portfolio for Taipower Company, the resultant expected return and risk of the generation system, and the condition of CO2 emissions. The results indicate that, under the case without renewables, using more nuclear energy in the portfolio can increase the expected return, but at a cost of slightly higher risk. In the case with renewables added, the results demonstrate that using more renewable energies has the advantage of hedging agains

The rapid development of portable and wearable electronic devices has increased demand for flexible and efficient energy harvesting and storage units. Conventionally, these are built and used separately as discrete components. Herein, we propose a simple and cost-effective laser engraving technique for fabricating a flexible self-charging micro-supercapacitor power unit （SCMPU）, by integrating a triboelectric nanogenerator （TENG） and a micro-supercapacitor （MSC） array into a single device. The SCMPU can be charged directly by ambient mechanical motion. We demonstrate the ability of the SCMPU to continuously power light-emitting diodes and a commercial hygrothermograph. This inves- tigation may promote the development of sustainable self-powered systems and provide a promising new research application for supercapacitors.

The hybrid power source needs to achieve the excellent power distribution control to enhance the vehicle performance, the optimization algorithm can automatically seek the optimal target according to vehicle requirements to achieve the best power distribution of hybrid power source. Power consumption is one of the core indicators for evaluating power distribution control of hybrid power source, as well as the current fluctuation of battery is an important factor that affects its power consumption and cycle life. Taking the fully-active hybrid power source configuration as the application object, a differential evolution algorithm with fast convergence speed and strong global search ability to achieve real-time power distribution control with multiple optimization goals is introduced by fully considering two important parameters of power consumption and battery current fluctuation, the power consumption model for the hybrid power source is established, the functional relationship between the power consumption of hybrid power source, current change of battery and its output current is given. In this algorithm, the minimum power consumption of the hybrid power source and the minimum change rate of the battery output current are selected as the optimization goals, the weight coefficients of the two optimization goals are assigned to seek the influence relationship between the two optimization goals. The empirical results from a simulation verify effectiveness and reliability of the designed scheme. The research results provide a reference for controlling the power distribution and optimizing the hybrid power source of electric vehicle. 混合电源需实现卓越的功率分配控制以提升车辆性能, 而优化算法可根据车辆需求自动地寻求既定目标的最优解, 以实现混合电源的最佳功率分配。功耗是评价功率分配控制的核心指标, 蓄电池的电流变化率是影响其功耗和寿命的重要因素。以全主动配置的混合电源拓扑结构为应用对象, 引入一种新颖的具有收敛速度快且全局搜索能力强的差分进化算法以实现多优化目标的实时功率分配控制；充分考虑功耗和蓄电池的电流变化率2个重要参数, 建立了混合电源的功耗模型, 给出了混合电源的功耗、蓄电池输出电流与蓄电池电流变化率之间的函数关系；以混合电源的功耗最小以及蓄电池输出电流变化率最小为优化目标, 赋予2个优化目标权重系数, 以寻求2个优化目标之间的影响关系。仿真实例结果验证了所设计方案的有效性和可靠性。研究结果为电动汽车混合电源功率分配控制及优化提供参考。

This paper aims to conduct a comprehensive review of rural solid waste （RSW） in terms of character- istics, management and legislation. Survey results show that RSW generation rates range from 0.25 to 2.1 kg · （capita.d）-1 in different rural villages across regions of China. Total RSW generation has been increasing, which is far higher than official data in 2014. RSW are dominated by food residue and coal ash/cinder/dust （at approximately 70%）. Most of RSW are still discarded randomly without any treatment in China. Scattered RSW generation sources, imperfect legislation system, poor infrastructure on treat- ment and disposal are identified as the biggest challenge for RSW management currently in China. To improve RSW management, increasing financial resources, estab- lishing sorting collection and transportation network, promoting sorting collection and recycling, improving treatment technology are proposed as the possible solution.

With the rapid development in recent years, small-molecule organic solar cell is challenging the dominance of its counterpart, polymer solar cell. The top power conversion efficiencies of both single and tandem solar cells based on small molecules have surpassed 9%. In this mini review, achievements of small molecules with impressive photovoltaic performance especially re- ported in the last two years were highlighted. The relationship between molecular structure and device performance was ana- lyzed, which draws some rules for rational molecular design. Five series of p- and n-type small molecules were selected based on the consideration of their competitiveness of power conversion efficiencies.

Anodic oxidization （AO） is one of the most important methods available for fabricating mesoporous Al2O3 , which can be conducted at either high potential or low potential; however, the need for an external electricity power source limits its applications. In this work, a novel self-powered electrochemical anodic oxidization （SPAO） system was introduced for preparing mesoporous Al2O3 , by using newly-invented triboelectric nanogenerator （TENG） arrays driven by wind power. Using the controllable voltage output of the TENG arrays, the SPAO system was shown to regulate the pore depth and pore size of the mesoporous Al2O3 . In contrast to traditional AO systems, this technique takes advantage of the high output voltage of TENG arrays without any additional energy costs. In addition, the SPAO system can be used for the preparation of other mesoporous materials.

There has been ongoing keen interest to mold electronic devices into desired shapes and be laid on desired configurable surfaces. In specific, the ability to design materials that can bend, twist, compress and stretch repeatedly, while still able to maintain its full capability as conductors or electrodes, has led to numerous efforts to develop flexible and stretchable （bio）devices that are both technologically challenging and environmentally friendly （e.g. biodegradable）. In this review, we highlight several recent significant results that have made impacts toward the field of flexible and stretchable electronics, sensors and power sources.

The load power range of modern processors is greatly enlarged because many advanced power management techniques are employed, such as dynamic voltage frequency scaling, Turbo Boosting, and near-threshold voltage （NTV） technologies. However, because the efficiency of power delivery varies greatly with different load conditions, conventional power delivery designs cannot maintain high efficiency over the entire voltage spectrum, and the gained power saving may be offset by power loss in power delivery. We propose SuperRange, a wide operational range power delivery unit. SuperRange complements the power delivery capability of on-chip voltage regulator and off-chip voltage regulator. On top of SuperRange, we analyze its power conversion characteristics and propose a voltage regulator （VR） aware power management algorithm. Moreover, as more and more cores have been integrated on a singe chip, multiple SuperRange units can serve as basic building blocks to build, in a highly scalable way, more powerful power delivery subsystem with larger power capacity. Experimental results show SuperRange unit offers lx and 1.3x higher power conversion efficiency （PCE） than other two conventional power delivery schemes at NTV region and exhibits an average 70% PCE over entire operational range. It also exhibits superior resilience to power-constrained systems.

The combination of new intelligent materials and structure technology is becoming an effective way in energy havesting and self-powered sensing. In this work, we demonstrate a magnetically levitated/piezoelectric/triboelectric hybrid generator, which does not use complex structure and has high steady output performance. It includes three parts: magnetically levitated generator (MLG), piezoelectric generator (PNG), triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG). The peak power of each is 135 μW, 22 mW and 3.6 mW, which are obtained at 1 MΩ, 10 kΩ and 1 kΩ, respectively. The hybrid generator can completely light up light-emitting diodes (LEDs) under the vibration frequency of 20 Hz and the vibration amplitude of 10 mm. It also can charge a 470 μF capacitor. On this basis, we have integrated the hybrid generaor as a power supply into a self-powered tempreature sensing system. The combination of three generators can not only broaden the operating range, but also increase the operating length and sensitivity. This work will extend the application of self-powered sensor in automatic production line and promote the development of industrial control technology.