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Granitic continental crust distinguishes the Earth from other planets in the Solar System. Consequently, for understanding terrestrial continent development, it is of great significance to investigate the formation and evolution of granite. Crystal fractionation is one of principal magma evolution mechanisms. Nevertheless, it is controversial whether crystal fractionation can effectively proceed in felsic magma systems because of the high viscosity and non-Newtonian behavior associated with granitic magmas. In this paper, we focus on the physical processes and evaluate the role of crystal fractionation in the evolution of granitic magmas during non-transport processes, i.e., in magma chambers and after emplacement. Based on physical calculations and analyses, we suggest that general mineral particles can settle only at tiny speed （-10-9-10 7 m s 1） in a granitic magma body due to high viscosity of the magma; however, the cumulating can be interrupted with convection in magma chambers, and the components of magma chambers will tend to be homogeneous. Magma convection ceases once the magma chamber develops into a mush （crystallinity, F〉-40-50%）. The interstitial melts can be extracted by hindered settling and compaction, accumulating gradually and forming a highly silicic melt layer. The high silica melts can further evolve into high-silica granite or high-silica rhyolite. At various crystallinities, multiple rejuvenation of the mush and the following magma intrusion may generate a granite complex with various components. While one special type of granites, represented by the South China lithium- and fluoride- rich granite, has lower viscosity and solidus relative to general granitic magmas, and may form vertical zonation in mineral-assemblage and composition through crystal fractionation. Similar fabrics in general intrusions that show various components on small lengthscales are not the result of gravitational settling. Rather, the flowage differentiation may play a key role. In general, granitic magma can undergo effective crystal fractionation; high-silica granite and volcanics with highly fractionated characteristics may be the products of crystal fractionation of felsic magmas, and many granitoids may be cumulates.

The aim of the present paper is to study flow and heat transfer characteristics of a viscous Casson thin film flow over an unsteady stretching sheet subject to variable heat flux in the presence of slip velocity condition and viscous dissipation. The governing equations are partial differential equations. They are reduced to a set of highly nonlinear ordinary differential equations by suitable similarity transformations. The resulting similarity equations are solved numerically with a shooting method. Comparisons with previously works are made, and the results are found to be in excellent agreement. In the present work, the effects of the unsteadiness parameter, the Casson parameter, the Eckert number, the slip velocity parameter, and the Prandtl number on flow and heat transfer characteristics are discussed. Also, the local skin-friction coefficient and the local Nusselt number at the stretching sheet are computed and discussed.

A discontinuous Galerkin method based on an artificial viscosity model is investigated in the context of the simulation of compressible turbulence. The effects of artificial viscosity on shock capturing ability, broadband accuracy and under-resolved instability are examined combined with various orders and mesh resolutions. For shock-dominated flows, the superior accuracy of high order methods in terms of discontinuity resolution are well retained compared with lower ones. For under-resolved simulations, the artificial viscosity model is able to enhance stability of the eighth order discontinuous Galerkin method despite of detrimental influence for accuracy. For multi-scale flows, the artificial viscosity model demonstrates biased numerical dissipation towards higher wavenumbers. Capability in terms of boundary layer flows and hybrid meshes is also demonstrated. It is concluded that the fourth order artificial viscosity discontinuous Galerkin method is comparable to typical high order finite difference methods in the literature in terms of accuracy for identical number of degrees of freedom, while the eighth order is significantly better unless the under-resolved instability issue is raised. Furthermore, the artificial viscosity discontinuous Galerkin method is shown to provide appropriate numerical dissipation as compensation for turbulent kinetic energy decaying on moderately coarse meshes, indicating good potentiality for implicit large eddy simulation.

The pathophysiology of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis （ALS） is particularly challenging due to the heteroge- neity of its clinical presentation and the diversity of cellular, molecular and genetic peculiarities involved. Molecular insights unveiled several novel genetic factors to be inherent in both familial and sporadic dis- ease entities, whose characterizations in terms of phenotype prediction, pathophysiological impact and putative prognostic value are a topic of current researches. However, apart from genetically well-defined high-confidence and other susceptibility loci, the role of DNA damage and repair strategies of the genome as a whole, either elicited as a direct consequence of the underlying genetic mutation or seen as an autono- mous parameter, in the initiation and progression of ALS, and the different cues involved in either process are still incompletely understood. This mini review summarizes current knowledge on DNA alterations and counteracting DNA repair strategies in ALS pathology and discusses the putative role of unconventional DNA entities including transposable elements and extrachromosomal circular DNA in the disease process. Focus is set on SODl-related pathophysiology, with extension to FUS, TDP-43 and C90RF72 mutations. Advancing our knowledge in the field will contribute to an improved understanding of this relentless dis- ease, for which therapeutic options others than symptomatic approaches are almost unavailable.

The vibrational frequency analysis of finite elastic tube filled with compressible viscous fluid has received plenty of attention in recent years. To apply frequency analysis to defect detection for example, it is necessary to investigate the vibrational behavior under appropriate boundary conditions. In this paper, we present a detailed theoretical study of the three dimensional modal analysis of compressible fluid within an elastic cylinder. The dispersion equations of flexural, torsional and longitudinal modes are derived by elastodynamic theory and the unsteady Stokes equation. The symbolic software Mathematica is used in order to find the coupled vibration frequencies. The dispersion equation is deduced and analytically solved. The finite element results are compared with the present method for validation and an acceptable match between them are obtained.

Non-cohesive soils have been widely used in construction of high-speed railway for their excellent physical and mechanical properties, and the determination of maximum and minimum dry density of such soils containing oversize particles is an important topic. In this study, the influence of oversize particles on dry density of non-cohesive soils is investigated by packing tests. Test results show that oversize particles will make “extra” voids around their surfaces, which increase significantly if the size ratio of oversize material to matrix material is not very big. The dry density of the total material will be overestimated by Elimination Method due to the omission of the “extra” voids. Thus, a geometric model is proposed by which the “extra” voids can be taken into account, and a new oversize correction method for non-cohesive soils is developed. Test results confirm the applicability of this method on the condition of oversize fraction being less than 40% by mass.

This study proposes an algorithm of embedding cohesive elements in Abaqus and develops the computer code to model 3D complex crack propagation in quasi-brittle materials in a relatively easy and efficient manner. The cohesive elements with softening traction-separation relations and damage initiation and evolution laws are embedded between solid elements in regions of interest in the initial mesh to model potential cracks. The initial mesh can consist of tetrahedrons, wedges, bricks or a mixture of these elements. Neither remeshing nor objective crack propagation criteria are needed. Four examples of concrete specimens, including a wedge-splitting test, a notched beam under torsion, a pull-out test of an anchored cylinder and a notched beam under impact, were modelled and analysed. The simulated crack propagation processes and load-displacement curves agreed well with test results or other numerical simulations for all the examples using initial meshes with reasonable densities. Making use of Abaqus’s rich pre/postprocessing functionalities and powerful standard/explicit solvers, the developed method offers a practical tool for engineering analysts to model complex 3D fracture problems.

The effects of sea-surface waves and ocean spray on the marine atmospheric boundary layer （MABL） at different wind speeds and wave ages were investigated. An MABL model was developed that introduces a wave-induced component and spray force to the total surface stress. The theoretical model solution was determined assuming the eddy viscosity coefficient varied linearly with height above the sea surface. The wave-induced component was evaluated using a directional wave spectrum and growth rate. Spray force was described using interactions between ocean-spray droplets and wind-velocity shear. Wind profiles and sea-surface drag coefficients were calculated for low to high wind speeds for wind-generated sea at different wave ages to examine surface-wave and ocean-spray effects on MABL momentum distribution. The theoretical solutions were compared with model solutions neglecting wave-induced stress and/or spray stress. Surface waves strongly affected near-surface wind profiles and sea-surface drag coefficients at low to moderate wind speeds. Drag coefficients and near-surface wind speeds were lower for young than for old waves. At high wind speeds, ocean-spray droplets produced by wind-tearing breaking-wave crests affected the MABL strongly in comparison with surface waves, implying that wave age affects the MABL only negligibly. Low drag coefficients at high wind caused by ocean-spray production increased turbulent stress in the sea-spray generation layer, accelerating near-sea-surface wind. Comparing the analytical drag coefficient values with laboratory measurements and field observations indicated that surface waves and ocean spray significantly affect the MABL at different wind speeds and wave ages.

This is a continuation of the paper (J. Math. Phys., 52(2011), 093102). We consider the Cauchy problem to the three-dimensional viscous liquid-gas two-fluid flow model. The global existence of classical solution is proved, where the initial vacuum is allowed.

We investigate the nonlinear instability of a smooth steady density profile solution to the three- dimensional nonhomogeneous incompressible Navier-Stokes equations in the presence of a uniform gravitational field, including a Rayleigh-Taylor steady-state solution with heavier density with increasing height （referred to the Rayleigh-Taylor instability）. We first analyze the equations obtained from linearization around the steady density profile solution. Then we construct solutions to the linearized problem that grow in time in the Sobolev space Hk, thus leading to a global instability result for the linearized problem. With the help of the constructed unstable solutions and an existence theorem of classical solutions to the original nonlinear equations, we can then demonstrate the instability of the nonlinear problem in some sense. Our analysis shows that the third component of the velocity already induces the instability, which is different from the previous known results.