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While the recent release of the Chinese tree shrew （Tupaia belangeri chinensis） genome has made the tree shrew an increasingly viable experimental animal model for biomedical research, further study of the genome may facilitate new insights into the applicability of this model. For example, though the tree shrew has a rapid rate of speed and strong jumping ability, there are limited studies on its locomotion ability. In this study we used the available Chinese tree shrew genome information and compared the evolutionary pattern of 407 locomotion system related orthologs among five mammals （human, rhesus monkey, mouse, rat and dog） and the Chinese tree shrew. Our analyses identified 29 genes with significantly high co （Ka/Ks ratio） values and 48 amino acid sites in 14 genes showed significant evidence of positive selection in the Chinese tree shrew. Some of these positively selected genes, e.g. HOXA6 （homeobox A6） and AVP （arginine vasopressin）, play important roles in muscle contraction or skeletal morphogenes

目的探讨高盐培养基干预人脐静脉细胞融合细胞（EA．hy926）对eNOS表达的影响及相关机制。方法予以EA．hy926细胞不同浓度的高盐培养基干预48h，选择137mmol／L氯化钠为高盐培养基的浓度；分别予以DMEM高糖培养基组（氯化钠浓度为109mmol／L）、高盐培养基（氯化钠浓度为137mmol／L）、高盐培养基（氯化钠浓度为137mmol／I．）＋RNA干扰、高渗对照组（甘露醇浓度为56mmol／L）干预48h，高效液相色谱法检测细胞上清液非对称二甲基精氨酸（ADMA）浓度，实时定量PCR和Westernblot检测蛋白质精氨酸甲基转移酶1（PRMT-1）、RhoA、Rho激酶（ROCK）、内皮型一氧化氮合酶（eNOs）的表达及活性。结果高盐组上清液中ADMA浓度、PRMT-1表达、RhoAmRNA表达及ROCK活性较对照组显著增高，eNOS蛋白表达显著降低；高盐培养基4-RNA干扰组较高盐组ADMA浓度、PRMT-1、RhoAmRNA及ROCK活性明显下降，eNOS蛋白表达显著上调。结论高盐培养基通过刺激ADMA生成并激活下游RhoA—ROCK通路而抑制eNOS的生成。

脑卒中是神经系统最常见的疾病之一,起病快,进展迅速,死亡率和致残率均较高,严重威胁患者的生命安全和生存质量。脑卒中的危害除了卒中本身引起原发性脑损伤外[1],卒中引起的脑水肿、低钠血症、颅内高压等继发性脑损伤对神经功能有着更加严重的危害。精氨酸加压素（Arginine vasopressin,AVP）又称为抗利尿激素,是中枢神经系统的一种重要的神经递质。

Novel self-assembled architectures have received a growing amount of attention and have significant potential for application in catalysis/electrocatalysis. Herein, we take advantage of the unique coordination and self-assembly properties of arginine for the preparation of dendritic PtCu bimetallic nanoassemblies with tunable chemical composition and structure. Strong interactions between the arginine molecules are key in driving the self-assembly of primary nanocrystals. In addition, the strong coordination interactions between arginine and metal ions is responsible for the formation of Pt-Cu alloys. We also investigated the electrocatalytic activity of various dendritic PtCu bimetallic nanoassemblies towards the methanol oxidation reaction. PtBCUl nanoassemblies exhibited excellent electrocatalytic activity and stability in comparison with other PtCu bimetallic nanoassemblies （PtlCu3, PtlCu~） and commercial Pt black, due to their unique dendritic structures and the synergistic effect between the Pt and Cu atoms.

Proper development of plant roots is critical for primary physiological functions,including water and nutrient absorption and uptake,physical support,and carbohydrate storage（Zhang et al.,2010）.Crop root systems act as the key organ for sensing and response to abiotic and biotic stresses.

Dear Editor, UHRF1 （ubiquitin-like, containing plant homeodomain （PHD） and RING finger domains, 1）, also known as ICBP90 in human and NP95 in mouse, is a critical regulator of maintenance of CpG DNA methylation through targeting de novo DNA methyltransferase （DNMT1） to hemimethylated replication forks; its ablation leads to genomic hypomethylation and cell cycle arrest [1, 2].

Controllable self-assembly of noble metal nanocrystals is of broad interest for the development of highly active electrocatalysts. Here we report an efficient arginine-mediated hydrothermal approach for the high-yield synthesis of cube-like Pt nanoassemblies （Pt-CNAs） with porous cavities and rough surfaces based on the self-assembly of zero dimensional Pt nanocrystals. In this process, arginine acts as the reductant, structure directing agent, and linker between adjacent nanocrystals. Interestingly, the Pt-CNAs exhibit single-crystal structures with dominant {100} facets, as evidenced by X-ray diffraction. Based on electrocatalytic studies, the as-synthesized Pt-CNAs exhibit improved electrocatalytic activity as well as good stability and CO tolerance in the methanol oxidation reaction. The Pt-CNA＇s good performance is attributed to their unique morphology and surface structure. We believe that the synthetic strategy outlined here could be extended to other rationally designed monometallic or bimetallic nanoassemblies for use in high performance fuel cells.

Maintenance of the Golgi apparatus （GA） structure and function depends on Golgi matrix proteins. The posttranslational modification of Golgi proteins such as phosphorylation of members of the golgin and GRASP families is important for determining Golgi architecture. Some Golgi proteins including golgin-84 are also known to be methylated, but the function of golgin methylation remains unclear. Here, we show that the protein arginine methyltransferase 5 （PRMT5） localizes to the GA and forms complexes with several components involved in GA ribbon formation and vesicle tethering. PRMT5 interacts with the golgin GM130, and depletion of PRMT5 causes defects in Golgi ribbon formation. Furthermore, PRMT5 methylates N-terminal arginines in GM130, and such arginine methylation appears critical for GA ribbon formation. Our findings reveal a molecular mechanism by which PRMT5-dependent arginine methylation of GM130 controls the maintenance of GA architecture.

Background：Blood loss after cardiac surgery can be caused by impaired platelet （PLT） function after cardiopulmonary bypass.Desmopressin or 1-deamino-8-D-arginine vasopressin （DDAVP） is a synthetic analog of vasopressin.DDAVP can increase the level of von Willebrand factor and coagulation factor Ⅷ,thus it may enhance PLT function and improve coagulation.In this study,we assessed the effects of DDAVP on PLT aggregation and blood loss in patients undergoing cardiac surgery.Methods：A total of 102 patients undergoing valvular heart surgery （from October 2010 to June 2011） were divided into DDAVP group （n =52） and control group （n =50）.A dose of DDAVP （0.3 μtg/kg） was administered to the patients intravenously when they were being rewarmed.At the same time,an equal volume of saline was given to the patients in the control group.PLT aggregation rate was measured with the AggRAM four-way PLT aggregation measurement instrument.The blood loss and transfusion,hemoglobin levels,PLT counts,and urine outputs at different time were recorded and compared.Results：The postoperative blood loss in the first 6 h was significantly reduced in DDAVP group （202 ± 119 ml vs.258 ± 143 ml,P =0.023）.The incidence of fresh frozen plasma （FFP） transfusion was decreased postoperatively in DDAVP group （3.8% vs.12%,P =0.015）.There was no significant difference in the PLT aggregation,urine volumes,red blood cell transfusions and blood loss after 24 h between two groups.Conclusions：A single dose of DDAVP can reduce the first 6 h blood loss and FFP transfusion postoperatively in patients undergoing valvular heart surgery,but has no effect on PLT aggregation.

Cell adhesion processes are governed by the nanoscale arrangement of the extracellular matrix （ECM）, being more affected by local rather than global concentrations of cell adhesive ligands. In many cell-based studies, grafting of dendrimers on surfaces has shown the benefits of the local increase in concentration provided by the dendritic configuration, although the lack of any reported surface characterization has limited any direct correlation between dendrimer disposition and cell response. In order to establish a proper correlation, some control over dendrimer surface deposition is desirable. Here, dendrimer nanopatterning has been employed to address arginine-glycine-aspartic acid （RGD） density effects on cell adhesion. Nanopatterned surfaces were fully characterized by atomic force microscopy （AFM）, scanning tunneling microscopy （STM） and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy （XPS）, showing that tunable distributions of cell adhesive ligands on the surface are obtained as a function of the initial dendrimer bulk concentration. Cell experiments showed a clear correlation with dendrimer surface layout： Substrates presenting regions of high local ligand density resulted in a higher percentage of adhered cells and a higher degree of maturation of focal adhesions （FAs）. Therefore, dendrimer nano- patterning is presented as a suitable and controlled approach to address the effect of local ligand density on cell response. Moreover, due to the easy modification of dendrimer peripheral groups, dendrimer nanopatterning can be further extended to other ECM ligands having density effects on cells.