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用21年生造林密度试验林的观测资料,分析了造林密度对林分生长和经济效益的影响。结果表明：（1）4种不同造林密度（A 1 667、B 3 333、C 5 000、D 6 667株.hm-2）对林分生长、林分结构均有显著影响,其中,林分胸径、单株材积、冠幅随密度增大而减小,高径比随密度增大而增大,但16年生后,林分胸径、单株材积、冠幅、高径比随林龄增长均表现出差异逐步缩小的规律;（2）林分蓄积与出材量在幼林期与密度呈正相关,进入中龄期后差异变小。21年生林分A、B、C、D各密度的出材量分别为300.13、309.94、303.19、313.32 m3.hm-2,随着密度增大,小径阶株数率及小径材出材量所占的比例增大;（3）净现值随着林龄的增大与密度的相关性由正相关转化为负相关性。随着密度增大,林分经济收获期提前。根据马尾松林分生长规律,综合出材量与效益核算,培育马尾松纸浆材与小径材宜采用造林密度2 200 3 300株.hm-2,培育大、中径材宜采用造林密度1 667 2 200株.hm-2。

目的评估针对终末期肾病患者的两种治疗方式——活体亲属肾移植和血液透析的成本费用并进行比较,确定一些直接影响移植费用的医疗因素及其治疗方式的效价比问题。方法回顾性分析了中国西北地区372例常规血液透析的患者和122例活体亲属肾移植患者资料,随访至少满3年。所有的数据囊括了血液透析、肾脏移植、供者摘取手术、免疫抑制剂等的相关费用以及随访期间产生的费用。结果在前3年期间,血液透析患者和肾移植患者每年平均的花费分别为13 713/31 027美元、13 502/11 038美元和13 382/10 285美元。在肾移植患者中,是否服用地尔硫卓、是否发生急性排斥反应及感染并发症同移植费用具有显著相关性。结论从第2年开始,肾移植相比透析治疗具有更优的效价比,意味着更有效率,花费更少;而肾移植术后第1年中,没有服用地尔硫卓、发生急性排斥反应及感染并发症的患者会花费更多。

图书馆价值评估是图书馆投资建设的重要依据,也是向公众证明其社会价值的重要途径。通过对国外图书馆价值评估的主要方法及实践进行系统研究,揭示其对中国图书馆价值评估的启示。

大陸唯冠公司控訴蘋果電腦公司的iPad商標訴訟是一顛覆傳統商標侵權認知的「反向混淆」案件。為了保障商標權人及消費者的權益，「混淆誤認」一直是商標侵權與否的重要判斷因素，傳統商標侵權中又以「正向混淆」案件為主，亦即在後商標使用者在自己的商品或服務上使用他人已註冊之著名商標，造成消費者混淆，藉以獲取不正利益。但迥異於傳統商標侵權「小企業攀附大企業」的搭便車印象，反向混淆案件恰巧「反客為主」，商標擁有者的商標本不具知名度，在具市場影響力之在後使用者透過大規模的廣告宣傳與行銷策略的拉抬下，營造了系爭商標的品牌價值，但也弱化系爭商標與商標權人間的緊密聯繫，造成消費者認為此商標屬於侵權者的錯誤印象。正向混淆及反向混淆案件在事實構成及損害結果方面有極大的差異，傳統的商標侵權理論是否可適用於反向混淆案件？又商標使用背後所代表的是一追求利益最大化的商業活動，先註冊主義精神的維護與商標價值最大化的追求，孰輕孰重？反向混淆理論的正當性亦面臨經濟效益觀點的挑戰。

利用成本效益分析法,设置5年和10年淘汰情景,对中国淘汰短链氯化石蜡(SCCPs)的成本和效益进行分析。淘汰SCCPs的成本为181.1~308.8亿元,主要来自下游行业替代损失,5年淘汰情景的成本低于10年淘汰情景;中国淘汰SCCPs的收益为1462.6亿元,建议采用5年淘汰情景淘汰SCCPs。

This paper investigates the stability of the international monetary system using the new open economic analysis framework. Our research has discovered that conditions for the stability of the international monetary system are such that the economic volume of reserve currency countries must be large enough and that the solvency capacity growth rate of reserve currency countries should be no lower than the real output growth rate of non- reserve currency countries and the real return of the reserve currency,＂ the existence of the valuation effect cannot secure the stability of a reserve currency,＂ and inclusion of the euro and the Japanese yen into international reserve currencies cannot stabilize the international monetary system, while Renminbi internationalization plays an irreplaceable role to the stability of the international monetary system.

Compared to conventional agriculture, organic agriculture is reported to be more efficient and effective in reducing water and soil pollution, greenhouse gases (GHGs) emission and risk of human health. In additional, field management under organic condition can be useful for increasing energy efficiency. Rice is one of the important crops which are cultivated in two forms, organic and conventional, in Iran. In order to compare the energy efficiency and economic analysis of rice production in organic and conventional systems in Iran, needed information was collected by face-to-face questionnaire in 2011 and three scenarios were designed to predict the changes of energy budget and economic analysis in the transition period that included: 25%, 50% and 75% organic management in rice production. The results showed that all energy indexes were improved in organic rice production compared to conventional condition. Higher values of benefit to cost ratio, gross and net return and lower value of total cost of production were obtained from organic rice production which indicated that the organic management of farm improved economically in comparison with the conventional rice production system. The shares of direct and renewable energies were increased by approach to organic management. Increase in energy efficiency and productivity was predicted for the transition period but decrease trend in economic indexes was projected for this period in all scenarios. The main reason for decreasing economic indexes in organic scenarios was that the market price of organic rice was the same as that of conventional rice in the transition period.

Waste wood was studied in an economic enterprise by logging, function, tree species and log size in four Caspian hardwood sites. Dam- aged logs were recorded with additional information obtained for the location, dimensions and type of damage. The data were analyzed statis- tically to determine significant differences of damage during logging process. The results indicated that animal harvesting systems cause more volume （40.5% of log volume） and value loss （89.5 $.m^-3） to logs than mechanized harvesting systems （13.9% and 6.0 $.m^-3）, also bucking resulted in significantly more volume （9.9% of log volume） and value loss （5.5 $.m-3） when compared to skidding （0.2% of log volume and 0.2 $.m^-3）, decking （0.4% of log volume and 0.2 $.m^-3） and loading （0.2% of log＇s volume and 0.3 $.m^-3） operations. Study showed that the processes of skidding, decking and loading of logs have very little impact on dam- age levels. Volume and value losses of damaged logs are not sensitive to tree species and log size. The information from the field study is impor- tant in creating new guidelines or training to help minimize hardwood log damage during the timber harvesting process.

Performance analysis of the Pangu Plaza under earthquake and wind loads is described in this paper. The plaza is a 39-story steel high-rise building, 191 m high, located in Beijing close to the 2008 Olympic main stadium. It has both fluid viscous dampers （FVDs） and buckling restrained braces or unbonded brace （BRB or UBB） installed. A repeated iteration procedure in its design and analysis was adopted for optimization. Results from the seismic response analysis in the horizontal and vertical directions show that the FVDs are highly effective in reducing the response of both the main structure and the secondary system. A comparative analysis of structural seismic performance and economic impact was conducted using traditional methods, i.e., increased size of steel columns and beams and/or use of an increased number of seismic braces versus using FVD. Both the structural response and economic analysis show that using FVD to absorb seismic energy not only satisfies the Chinese seismic design code for a ＂rare＂ earthquake, but is also the most economical way to improve seismic performance both for one-time direct investment and long term maintenance.

An economic evaluation of a network of distributed energy resources （DERs） comprising a microgrid structure of power delivery system in an Indian scenario has been made. The mathematical analysis is based on the application of tuned genetic algorithm （TGA）. The analyses for optimal power operation pertaining to minimum cost have been made for two cases in Indian power delivery system. The first case deals with the consumers＇ individual optimal operation of DERs, while in the second one, consumers altogether form a microgrid with the optimal supply of power from DERs. The total annual costs for these two cases are found to be economically competitive and encouraging. A reduction of approximately 5.7% in the annual cost has been obtained in the case of microgid system than that in the separately operating consumers＇ system for a small locality of India. It is observed that the application of TGA results in a reduction of the minimum cost depicting an improved outcome in terms of energy economy.