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[目的]以真实林分三维场景为模型,结合计算机虚拟现实技术,实现对真实林分结构的调整优化可视化模拟。[方法]以湖南攸县黄丰桥国有林场杉木与鹅掌楸人工混交林为研究对象,采用可视化模拟技术,基于三维虚拟环境建立林分结构调整可视化模拟系统,实现对林分结构的优化调整进行可视化模拟。通过对林分的角尺度、大小比、混交度、开阔比等结构的计算分析,结合公告板显示技术和射线查询算法,在MOGRE构建的林分三维场景中对林分结构调整过程进行可视化模拟。[结果]样地林分结构经过调整后,平均树高由12.8 m变成13.6 m,平均胸径由17.1 cm变成18.6 cm;林分平均角尺度由0.449变为0.481,分布格局由调整前的均匀分布变成随机分布;林分平均大小比由0.511变为0.519,样地内林木生长更具有优势;林分平均混交度由0.093变为0.129,林分结构更加稳定,林分的整体质量也得到了提高。[结论]本研究采用可视化模拟技术和样地调查数据,构建虚拟三维森林环境,在三维场景中,森林经营者不仅能查看样地中每株林木构筑性属性,观察林分样地的整体状态,还能对林分结构进行优化调整,实现在虚拟森林环境中对样地林分结构调整进行可视化模拟。

[目的]探究云南松林结构调整对林木生长和土壤性状的影响，为云南松林保护和利用提供科学依据。[方法]按照森林抚育规程对林分进行结构调整，采用典型取样法对比分析林分结构调整前后土壤性质和林木生长状况的差异。[结果]云南松林结构调整后，（1）结构调整样地单株蓄积量比对照样地提高了近60％，树高和胸径提高幅度均在15％以上，林下天然更新植株数量是对照样地的3．1倍；（2）结构调整后林内植物种类增加，林下灌木层和草本层盖度分别提高了63．3％和22．7％，灌木层和草本层平均高度分别提高了24．7％和17．9％；（3）结构调整样地现存凋落物量显著下降，与对照相比下降了20．4％，土壤表层温度、有机质含量、基础呼吸和土壤微生物生物量显著提高，土壤其他性质参数变幅相对较小。[结论]林分结构调整可显著提高云南松生长量，有利于云南松较大径级林木的培育；促进了云南松林下更新和林下植被发育，有利于林分群落结构的形成；提高了土壤微生物数量和活性，加速了土壤有机质转化．研究揭示林分结构调整促进了云南松林土壤一植物系统正反馈作用。

[目的]以真实林分三维场景为模型,结合计算机虚拟现实技术,实现对真实林分结构的调整优化可视化模拟。[方法]以湖南攸县黄丰桥国有林场杉木与鹅掌楸人工混交林为研究对象,采用可视化模拟技术,基于三维虚拟环境建立林分结构调整可视化模拟系统,实现对林分结构的优化调整进行可视化模拟。通过对林分的角尺度、大小比、混交度、开阔比等结构的计算分析,结合公告板显示技术和射线查询算法,在MOGRE构建的林分三维场景中对林分结构调整过程进行可视化模拟。[结果]样地林分结构经过调整后,平均树高由12.8 m变成13.6 m,平均胸径由17.1 cm变成18.6 cm;林分平均角尺度由0.449变为0.481,分布格局由调整前的均匀分布变成随机分布;林分平均大小比由0.511变为0.519,样地内林木生长更具有优势;林分平均混交度由0.093变为0.129,林分结构更加稳定,林分的整体质量也得到了提高。[结论]本研究采用可视化模拟技术和样地调查数据,构建虚拟三维森林环境,在三维场景中,森林经营者不仅能查看样地中每株林木构筑性属性,观察林分样地的整体状态,还能对林分结构进行优化调整,实现在虚拟森林环境中对样地林分结构调整进行可视化模拟。

Rural restructuring is a process of reshaping socio-economic morphology and spatial pattern in rural territory in response to the changes of elements both in kernel system and external system of rural development, by optimally allocating and efficiently managing the material and non-material elements in the two systems. It aims at ultimately optimizing the structure and promoting the function within rural territorial system as well as realizing the coordination of structure and complementation of function between urban and rural territorial system. This paper establishes a theoretical framework of rural restructuring through elabo- rating the concept and connotations as well as analyzing the mechanism pushing forward rural restructuring based on the evolution of ＂elements-structure-function＂, and probes the approaches from the three aspects of spatial restructuring, economic restructuring and social restructuring. Besides, the authors argue that the study of rural restructuring in China in the future needs to focus on the aspects of long-term and multi-scale process and pattern, mechanism, regional models, rural planning technology system and standard, policy and institutional innovations concerning rural restructuring as well as the impacts of globalization on rural restructuring, in order to serve the current national strategic demands and cope with the changes of rural development elements in the process of urban-rural development transformation.

The implementation of new type industrialization and urbanization and agricultural modernization strategies lacks of a major hand grip and spatial supporting platform, due to long-term existed ＂dual-track＂ structure of rural-urban development in China as well as un- stable rural development institution and mechanism. It is necessary to restructure rural pro- duction, living and ecological space by carrying out land consolidation, so as to establish a new platform for building new countryside and realizing urban-rural integration development in China. This paper develops the concept and connotation of rural spatial restructuring. Basing on the effects analysis of industrialization and urbanization on rural production, living and ecological space, the mechanism of pushing forward rural spatial restructuring by carry- ing out land consolidation is probed. A conceptualization of the models of rural production, living and ecological spatial restructuring is analyzed combining with agricultural land con- solidation, hollowed villages consolidation and industrial and mining land consolidation. Fi- nally, the author argues that a ＂bottom-up＂ restructuring strategy accompanied by a few ＂top-down＂ elements is helpful for smoothly pushing forward rural spatial restructuring in China. In addition, the optimization and restructuring of rural production, living and ecological space will rely on the innovations of regional engineering technology, policy and mechanism, and mode of rural land consolidation, and more attentions should be paid to rural space, the foundation base and platform for realizing urban-rural integration development.

Graphene growth by low-pressure chemical vapor deposition on low cost copper foils shows great promise for large scale applications. It is known that the local crystallography of the foil influences the graphene growth rate. Here we find an epitaxial relationship between graphene and copper foil. Interfacial restructuring between graphene and copper drives the formation of （nl0） facets on what is otherwise a mostly Cu（100） surface, and the facets in turn influence the graphene orientations from the onset of growth. Angle resolved photoemission shows that the electronic structure of the graphene is decoupled from the copper indicating a weak interaction between them. Despite this, two preferred orientations of graphene are found, ±8° from the Cu[010] direction, creating a non-uniform distribution of graphene grain boundary misorientation angles. Comparison with the model system of graphene growth on single crystal Cu（110） indicates that this orientational alignment is due to mismatch epitaxy. Despite the differences in symmetry the orientation of the graphene is defined by that of the copper. We expect these observations to not only have importance for controlling and understanding the growth process for graphene on copper, but also to have wider implications for the growth of two-dimensional materials on low cost metal substrates.

Both transcription and post-transcriptional processes, such as alternative splicing, play crucial roles in controlling developmental programs in metazoans. Recently emerged RNA-seq method has brought our understanding of eukaryotic transcriptomes to a new level, because it can resolve both gene expression level and alternative splicing events simultaneously. To gain a better understanding of cellular differentiation in gonads, we analyzed mRNA profiles from Drosophila testes and ovaries using RNA-seq. We identified a set of genes that have sex-specific isoforms in wild-type （WT） gonads, including several transcription factors. We found that differentiation of sperms from undifferentiated germ cells induced a dramatic downregulation of RNA splicing factors. Our data confirmed that RNA splicing events are significantly more frequent in the undifferentiated cell-enriched bag of marbles （barn） mutant testis, but downregulated upon differentiation in WT testis. Consistent with this, we showed that genes required for meiosis and terminal differentiation in WT testis were mainly regulated at the transcriptional level, but not by alternative splicing. Unexpectedly, we observed an increase in expression of all families of chromatin remodeling factors and histone modifying enzymes in the undifferentiated cell-enriched bam testis. More interestingly, chromatin regulators and histone modifying enzymes with opposite enzymatic activities are coenriched in undifferentiated cells in testis, suggesting that these cells may possess dynamic chromatin architecture. Finally, our data revealed many new features of the Drosophila gonadal transcriptomes, and will lead to a more comprehensive understanding of how differential gene expression and splicing regulate gametogenesis in Drosophila. Our data provided a foundation for the systematic study of gene expression and alternative splicing in many interesting areas of germ cell biology in Droso- phila, such as the molecular basis for sexual dimorphism and the regulation of the proliferation vs terminal differentiation programs in germline stem cell lineages. The GEO accession number for the raw and analyzed RNA-seq data is GSE16960.

This paper reports on the preparation of Fe82.7-85.7Si2-4.9B9.2-11.2P1.5.2.7C0,8 soft magnetic amorphous alloys with a distinctly high Fe content of 93.5-95.5 wt.% by component design and composition adjustment. All alloys can be readily fabricated into completely amorphous ribbon samples with good surface quality by the single copper roller melt-spinning method. These alloys show good bending ductility and excellent magnetic properties after annealing, i.e., low coercivity （He） of 3.3-5.9 A/m, high permeability （μe） of 5000-10000 and high flux saturation density （Bs） of 1.63-1.66 T. The mechanism of the good glass forming ability （GFA）and soft-magnetic properties are explored. The amorphous alloys with the high Fe content comparable to that of the desired high Si alloy can be promising candidates for the potential application in electric devices.

A series of novel low band gap donor-acceptor (D-A) type organic co-polymers (BT-F-TPA, BT-CZ-TPA and BT-SI-TPA) consisting of electron-deficient acceptor blocks both in main chains (M1) and at the pendant (M2) were polymerized with different electron rich donor (M3−M5) blocks, i.e., 9,9-dihexyl-9H-fluorene, N-alkyl-2,7-carbazole, and 2,6-dithinosilole, respectively, via Suzuki method. These polymers exhibited relatively low band gaps (1.65−1.88 eV) and broad absorption ranges (680−740 nm). Bulk heterojunction (BHJ) solar cells incorporating these polymers as electron donors, blended with [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PC61BM) or [6,6]-phenyl-C71-butyric acid methyl ester (PC71BM) as electron-acceptors in different weight ratios were fabricated and tested under 100 mW/cm2 of AM 1.5 with white-light illumination. The photovoltaic device containing donor BT-SI-TPA and acceptor PC71BM in 1:2 weight ratio showed the best power conversion efficiency (PCE) value of 1.88%, with open circuit voltage (Voc) = 0.75 V, short circuit current density (Jsc) = 7.60 mA/cm2, and fill factor (FF) = 33.0%.

Human activities significantly alter ecosystems and their services; however, quantifying the impact of human activities on ecosystems has been a great challenge in ecosystem management. We used the Universal Soil Loss Equation and county-level socioeconomic data to assess the changes in the ecosystem service of soil conservation between 2000 and 2010, and to analyze its spatial characteristics and driving factors in the southwestern China. The results showed that cropland in the southwestern China decreased by 3.74%, while urban land, forest, and grassland areas increased by 46.78%, 0.86%, and 1.12%, respectively. The soil conservation increased by 1.88 × 10~（11） kg, with deterioration only in some local areas. The improved and the degraded areas accounted for 6.41% and 2.44% of the total land area, respectively. Implementation of the Sloping Land Conversion Program and urbanization explained 57.80% and 23.90% of the variation in the soil conservation change, respectively, and were found to be the main factors enhancing soil conservation. The 2008 Wenchuan earthquake was one of the factors that led to the degradation of soil conservation. Furthermore, industrial adjustment, by increasing shares of Industry and Service and reducing those of Agriculture, has also promoted soil conservation. Our results quantitatively showed and emphasized the contributions to soil conservation improvement made by implementing ecological restoration programs and promoting urbanization. Consequently, these results provide basic information to improve our understanding of the effects of ecological restoration programs, and help guide future sustainable urban development and regional industrial restructuring.