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目的研究藏红花素通过影响Ca^2＋内流对谷氨酸盐诱导的视网膜神经节细胞（RGCs）凋亡的影响及可能机制。方法分离大鼠RGCs,以0.1、1mmol/L的谷氨酸盐刺激RGCs 24、48h,建立RGCs凋亡模型,并用0.1、1.0、3.0μmol/L浓度梯度藏红花素分别处理。Annexin V-FITC/PI双标检测细胞凋亡率,Fluo-3/AM荧光标记Ca^2＋检测胞内钙离子浓度,Western blot检测藏红花素对胞内钙离子介导的凋亡信号分子calpain和CaMKⅡ表达的影响。JC-1荧光染色和Western blot分别检测藏红花素对线粒体膜电位和线粒体凋亡相关信号分子Caspase-3、Caspase-9、Bcl-2/Bax表达的影响。结果 0.1mmol/L谷氨酸盐刺激24h,RGCs细胞凋亡率与对照组差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）;而当刺激48h时,RGCs的凋亡率达到（43.050±2.616）%,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。高剂量谷氨酸盐（1mmol/L）刺激24、48h的RGCs凋亡率为（46.450±1.061）%和（45.500±3.253）%,较对照组均显著增加,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。用1mmol/L谷氨酸盐刺激RGCs 12h后加入0.1、1.0、3.0μmol/L藏红花素再处理12h,不同浓度藏红花素均可显著抑制细胞凋亡（P〈0.01）,且抑制效率具有剂量依赖性。另外,1.0μmol/L藏红花素组的谷氨酸盐诱导的胞外Ca^2＋内流减少及钙依赖蛋白Calpain1和CaMKⅡ的表达减弱,线粒体膜电位增高,Caspase-3和Caspase-9的表达减少,Bcl-2/Bax表达上调。结论藏红花素抑制谷氨酸盐诱导的RGCs凋亡,其机制可能与阻止胞外Ca^2＋内流,抑制钙依赖的凋亡信号通路和线粒体凋亡信号通路有关。

<正>病历摘要患者男性,33岁。主因发作性愣神、自动症13年,于2012年4月17日入院。患者自20岁起反复出现发作性愣神、咂嘴、双手摸索动作,呼之不应,每次发作约持续1 min,可自行缓解,平均1~2 d发作1次,甚至2次/d,发作前可以出现心慌、上腹部不适等先兆症状,发作后感觉周围环境改变,类似梦境,偶尔于劳累或停服抗癫药后出现全面性强直阵挛发作。外院行头部MRI检查未见明显异常。曾服用

目的探讨马尾副神经节瘤的临床表现及病理学特征。方法报告1例临床罕见伴节细胞神经瘤分化的马尾副神经节瘤病例，分析其临床表现、组织病理学特点，并复习相关文献。结果患者男性，47岁，临床表现为右足底麻木并渐进性双下肢麻木。MRI检查显示L4～s1椎管内占位性病变。术中可见s1节段硬脊膜部分缺损未闭合，硬脊膜受压，肿瘤约5cm×3cm×3cm大小，位于神经根，形状不规则，血运丰富，压迫马尾囊及神经根。组织形态学观察肿瘤由副神经节瘤和节细胞神经瘤组成，副神经节瘤为实性细胞巢结构，细胞呈器官样排列，部分为实性片状、癌巢样或条索样、假“菊形”团样、血管外皮瘤样及乳头状排列；节细胞神经瘤可见典型节细胞，背景为神经纤维、许旺细胞等，形成节细胞神经瘤图像，两种成分单独或混杂存在。免疫组织化学染色巢状成分的肿瘤细胞胞质表达广谱细胞角蛋白，以及“一突触核蛋白和嗜铬素A，肿瘤细胞巢周围胞质可见表达S-100蛋白的支持细胞，Ki-67抗原标记指数〈5％；节细胞成分表达a-突触核蛋白、神经元特异性烯醇化酶，并不同程度表达细胞角蛋白，但不表达神经元核抗原。结论该例患者肿瘤组织中伴有节细胞神经瘤成分，含有多种组织学和细胞学形态，伴骶椎隐裂，临床罕见。细胞角蛋白表达阳性可能是马尾副神经节瘤不同于其他部位副神经节瘤的重要病理学特点之一。

促纤维增生性婴儿星形细胞瘤／神经节胶质细胞瘤（DIA／DIG）为临床罕见的低级别神经上皮来源肿瘤（WHOI级），好发于幕上 ，大多于2岁前发病。

The liver is a tolerogenic organ with exquisite mechanisms of immune regulation that ensure upkeep of local and systemic immune tolerance to self and foreign antigens, but that is also able to mount effective immune responses against pathogens. The immune privilege of liver allografts was recognized first in pigs in spite of major histo-compatibility complex mismatch, and termed the ＂liver tolerance effect＂. Furthermore, liver transplants are spontaneously accepted with only low-dose immunosuppression, and induce tolerance for non-hepatic co-transplanted allografts of the same donor. Although this immunotolerogenic environment is favorable in the setting of organ transplantation, it is detrimental in chronic infectious liver diseases like hepatitis B or C, malaria, schistosomiasis or tumorigenesis, leading to pathogen persistence and weak anti-tumor effects. The liver is a primary site of T-cell activation, but it elicits poor or incomplete activation of T cells, leading to their abortive activation, exhaustion, suppression of their effector function and early death. This is exploited by pathogens and can impair pathogen control and clearance or allow tumor growth. Hepatic priming of T cells is mediated by a number of local conventional and nonconventional antigen-presenting cells （APCs）, which promote tolerance by immune deviation, induction of T-cell anergy or apoptosis, and generating and expanding regulatory T cells. This review will focus on the communication between classical and nonclassical APCs and lymphocytes in the liver in tolerance induction and will discuss recent insights into the role of innate lymphocytes in this process.

Differential expression of mi RNAs occurs in injured proximal nerve stumps and includes mi RNAs that are firstly down-regulated and then gradually up-regulated following nerve injury.These mi RNAs might be related to a Schwann cell phenotypic switch.mi R-30 c,as a member of this group,was further investigated in the current study.Sprague-Dawley rats underwent sciatic nerve transection and proximal nerve stumps were collected at 1,4,7,14,21,and 28 days post injury for analysis.Following sciatic nerve injury,mi R-30 c was down-regulated,reaching a minimum on day 4,and was then upregulated to normal levels.Schwann cells were isolated from neonatal rat sciatic nerve stumps,then transfected with mi R-30 c agomir and co-cultured in vitro with dorsal root ganglia.The enhanced expression of mi R-30 c robustly increased the amount of myelin-associated protein in the co-cultured dorsal root ganglia and Schwann cells.We then modeled sciatic nerve crush injury in vivo in Sprague-Dawley rats and tested the effect of perineural injection of mi R-30 c agomir on myelin sheath regeneration.Fourteen days after surgery,sciatic nerve stumps were harvested and subjected to immunohistochemistry,western blot analysis,and transmission electron microscopy.The direct injection of mi R-30 c stimulated the formation of myelin sheath,thus contributing to peripheral nerve regeneration.Overall,our findings indicate that mi R-30 c can promote Schwann cell myelination following peripheral nerve injury.The functional study of mi R-30 c will benefit the discovery of new therapeutic targets and the development of new treatment strategies for peripheral nerve regeneration.

The optic fissure （OF） is a transient opening on the ventral side of the developing vertebrate eye that closes before nearly all retinal progenitor cell differentiation has occurred. Failure to close the OF results in coloboma, a congenital disease that is a major cause of childhood blindness. Although human genetic studies and animal models have linked a number of genes to coloboma, the cellular and molecular mechanisms driving the closure of the OF are still largely unclear. In this study, we used Cre-LoxP-mediated conditional removal of fibroblast growth factor （FGF） receptors, Fgfrl and Fgfr2, from the developing optic cup （OC） to show that FGF signaling regulates the closing of the OF. Our molecular, cellular and transcriptome analyses of Fgfrl and Fgfr2 double conditional knockout OCs suggest that FGF signaling controls the OF closure through modulation of retinal progenitor cell proliferation, fate specification and morphological changes. Furthermore, Fgfrl and Fgfr2 double conditional mutant retinal progenitor cells fail to initiate retinal ganglion cell （RGC） genesis. Taken together, our mouse genetic studies reveal that FGF signaling is es-sential for OF morphogenesis and RGC development.

The changes in retinal thickness and visual function in type 2 diabetic patients without clinical evidence of diabetic retinopathy were evaluated. A total of 141 diabetic subjects without retinopathy and 158 healthy subjects were enrolled in this study. Superior macular ganglion cell complex thicknesses were significantly decreased in diabetic cases, and no significant peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thickness changes were observed. The contrast sensitivities at all space frequencies were significantly different between diabetic patients and controls. The mean P50 amplitude from pattern electroretinogram results was reduced significantly in the diabetic group. In the diabetic group, average superior ganglion cell complex thicknesses positively correlated with both contrast sensitivities at high spatial frequencies and P50 amplitudes. The results indicated that ganglion cell complex thickness and visual function changes could be observed in diabetic subjects before the onset of any significant dia-betic retinopathy. Macular ganglion cell complex reduction occurred much earlier than peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thinning in diabetic patients without retinopathy.

The immune system exists in harmony and also with the potential for dynamic control in healthy individuals. Our healthy body needs to sense the presence of microbes and react through both innate and adaptive immunity to elim- inate infection. How our immune system senses the initiation, progression, and ter- mination of the inflammatory process is critical for maintaining immune home- ostasis. Thanks to the elegant experi- mental progress in using conditional knockout animal models, we have,

Background：Glaucoma is a progressive optic neuropathy characterized by degeneration of neurons due to loss of retinal ganglion cells （RGCs）.High intraocular pressure （HIOP）,the main risk factor,causes the optic nerve damage.However,the precise mechanism of HIOP-induced RGC death is not yet completely understood.This study was conducted to determine apoptosis of RGC-5 cells induced by elevated hydrostatic pressures,explore whether laminin is associated with apoptosis under pressure,whether laminin can protect RGCs from apoptosis and affirm the mechanism that regulates the process of RGCs survival.Methods：RGC-5 cells were exposed to 0,20,40,and 60 mmHg in a pressurized incubator for 6,12,and 24 h,respectively.The effect of elevated hydrostatic pressure on RGC-5 cells was measured by Annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate/propidium iodide staining,3-（4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl）-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay,and Western blotting of cleaved caspase-3 protein.Location and expression oflaminin were detected by immunofluorescence.The expression of β 1-integrin,phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase （FAK） and protein kinase B （PKB,or AKT） were investigated with real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting analysis.Results：Elevated hydrostatic pressure induced apoptosis in cultured RGC-5 cells.Pressure with 40 mmHg for 24 h induced a maximum apoptosis.Laminin was declined in RGC-5 cells after exposing to 40 mmHg for 24 h.After pretreating with laminin,RGC-5 cells survived from elevated pressure.Furthermore,β1-integrin and phosphorylation of FAK and AKT were increased compared to 40 mmHg group.Conclusions：The data show apoptosis tendency of RGC-5 cells with elevated hydrostatic pressure.Laminin can protect RGC-5 cells against high pressure via β 1-integrin/FAK/AKT signaling pathway.These results suggest that the decreased laminin of RGC-5 cells might be responsible for apoptosis induced by elevated hydrostatic pressure,and laminin or activating β1-integrin/FAK/AKT pathway might be potential treatments to prevent RGC loss in glaucomatous optic neuropathy.