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Using durian shell as a carbon source and triethanolamine as a nitrogen dopant, nitrogen-doped carbon dots (N-CDs) were prepared via the hydrothermal method. First, by exploring different reaction times, reaction temperatures, and carbon source/dopant ratios to synthesize nitrogen-doped carbon dots, it is concluded that the best process conditions are 200 ℃, reaction time being 15h, and the dopant addition amount being 2mL. Structure and characteristics of the synthesized CDs were analyzed using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared, fluorescence (FL), ultraviolet–visible absorption, and Raman spectra. The N-CDs showed blue FL with a quantum efficiency of 4.28%. The FL characteristics of the N-CDs were utilized for ion detection, which demonstrated that MnO− 4 and Cr 2 O2− 7 ions caused distinct FL quenching through static quenching, while other ions had no significant quenching effect. The detection limits for MnO− 4 and Cr 2 O2− 7 were 37.5 and 46.2 nM, respectively. The N-CDs were subsequently employed to detect these ions in actual water samples, producing satisfactory results. Therefore, the preparation of N-CDs using durian shell as raw material and its application in practical detection work have good application feedback, which not only provides a new way for the reuse of fruit and vegetable wastes but also provides a new detection means for environmental monitoring pollutants.

The accurate detection of vital biomarkers such as Ascorbic Acid (AA), Uric Acid (UA) and Nitrite (NO2−) is crucial for human health surveillance. However, existing methods often struggle with concurrent detection and quantification of multiple species, highlighting the need for a more effective solution. To address this challenge, this study aimed to develop a multifunctional electrochemical sensor capable of parallel detection of AA, UA and NO2− using a synergistic combination of Graphene Oxide (GO) and Cadmium Sulfide (CdS) materials. Notably, the fabricated CdS@GO/Glassy Carbon Electrode (GCE) exhibited exceptional electrochemical activity, as evidenced by Differential Pulse Voltammetry (DPV) analysis. The sensor demonstrated remarkable sensitivity (8.13, 10.12, and 9.05 μA·μM−1·cm−2) and ultra-low detection limits (0.034, 0.062, and 0.084 µM) for AA, UA and NO2−, respectively. Furthermore, it successfully identified single molecules of each analyte in aqueous and biologic fluid samples, with recovery values comparable to those obtained using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) standard addition methods. The significance of this study lies in developing a novel CdS@GO/GCE sensor that enables concurrent detection and quantification of multiple vital biomarkers, offering a promising tool for human health monitoring and diagnosis. KCI Citation Count: 0

Cellulose has experienced a renaissance as a precursor for carbon fibers (CFs). However, cellulose possesses intrinsic challenges as precursor substrate such as typically low carbon yield. This study examines the interplay of strategies to increase the carbonization yield of (ligno-) cellulosic fibers manufactured via a coagulation process. Using Design of Experiments, this article assesses the individual and combined effects of diammonium hydrogen phosphate (DAP), lignin, and CO$$_{2}$$2 activation on the carbonization yield and properties of cellulose-based carbon fibers. Synergistic effects are identified using the response surface methodology. This paper evidences that DAP and lignin could affect cellulose pyrolysis positively in terms of carbonization yield. Nevertheless, DAP and lignin do not have an additive effect on increasing the yield. In fact, combined DAP and lignin can affect negatively the carbonization yield within a certain composition range. Further, the thermogravimetric CO$$_{2}$$2 adsorption of the respective CFs was measured, showing relatively high values (ca. 2 mmol/g) at unsaturated pressure conditions. The CFs were microporous materials with potential applications in gas separation membranes and CO$$_{2}$$2 storage systems. Graphical abstract

Sample preparation including dehydration and drying of samples is the most intricate part of scanning electron microscopy. Most current sample preparation protocols use critical-point drying with liquid carbon dioxide. Very few studies have reported samples that were dried using chemical reagents. In this study, we used hexamethyldisilazane, a chemical drying reagent, to prepare plant samples. As glandular trichomes are among the most fragile and sensitive surface structures found on plants, we used Millingtonia hortensis leaf samples as our study materials because they contain abundant glandular trichomes. The results obtained using this new method are identical to those produced via critical-point drying. KCI Citation Count: 1

Plasma-sprayed HA coatings on metallic implants are widely used for clinical applications. However, typical lamellar structure along with plasma-sprayed coatings usually leads to weak inter-splat adhesion and impair their mechanical properties. In this research, graphene nanosheet (GNS) reinforced HA coatings were fabricated using plasma spray; these GNSs retained their original structure and distributed homogeneously in the as-sprayed coatings. On the basis of instrumented microindentation tests with and without multiple partial unloading, as compared with the monolithic HA coating, the inter-splat friction force increased by ~ 8.7% for the 1.0 wt% GNS/HA coating, and it slightly decreased to ~ 6.5% for the 2.0 wt% GNS/HA coating due to GNS agglomeration. Meanwhile, the added GNSs contributed greatly to the indentation yield strength of the HA coatings. These results illustrated that these embedded GNSs at splat boundaries are potential in splat-boundary strengthening and resisting splat sliding. KCI Citation Count: 3

Carbon nanotubes (CNT) represent one of the most unique materials in the field of nanotechnology. CNT are the allotrope of carbon having sp 2 hybridization. CNT are considered to be rolled-up graphene with a nanostructure that can have a length to diameter ratio greater than 1,000,000. CNT can be single-, double-, and multi-walled. CNT have unique mechanical, electrical, and optical properties, all of which have been extensively studied. The novel properties of CNT are their light weight, small size with a high aspect ratio, good tensile strength, and good conducting characteristics, which make them useful for various applications. The present review is focused on the structure, properties, toxicity, synthesis methods, growth mechanism and their applications. Techniques that have been developed to synthesize CNT in sizeable quantities, including arc discharge, laser ablation, chemical vapor deposition, etc., have been explained. The toxic effect of CNT is also presented in a summarized form. Recent CNT applications showing a very promising glimpse into the future of CNT in nanotechnology such as optics, electronics, sensing, mechanical, electrical, storage, and other fields of materials science are presented in the review.

The emergence of Mo 2 C-based catalysts in recent years has been favored as promising contender within diverse class MXenes. In terms of rapid development in the photocatalytic application, these intriguing compounds exhibit excellent photocatalytic performance because of their superior optical properties and peculiar structure characteristics. Unfortunately, a systematic review of Mo 2 C-based catalysts is lacking. In this review, we abstract the implication of structure—property relationship of emerging Mo 2 C-based MXenes materials and their applications toward the photocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Furthermore, synthetic pathways to prepare high-quality, low cost Mo 2 C-based MXenes materials and their outcomes for high HER applications are systematically described. Finally, several insights are provided into the prospects and future challenges for the development of highly reactive Mo 2 C-based MXenes materials, which present large range opportunities in this promising 2D materials for green and clean energy in environmental fields. This review provides a comprehensive scientific guide to the preparation, modification, and photocatalytic HER of MXenes-based materials.

Biomass-derived carbon materials have attracted considerable attention in electromagnetic wave (EMW) absorption applications due to their advantages of low cost, light weight, and sustainability. Herein, bagasse-based porous carbon (BPC) was prepared by canonization and activation process from natural waste bagasse. The porous flower-like MoS 2 /BPC composites were successfully prepared for efficient microwave absorption via hydrothermal process by in-situ formation of flower-like MoS 2 into the porous structure of BPC. The effect of hydrothermal time and hydrothermal temperature on surface morphology, degree of graphitization, surface chemical composition and impedance matching of the prepared samples was investigated. Results demonstrated that when the hydrothermal temperature was 220 °C, and the hydrothermal time was 24 h, the obtained MoS 2 /BPC sample (named as MoS 2 /BPC-220 ℃) showed the minimum reflection loss value (RL) of − 41.6 dB at 8.96 GHz and exhibited effective microwave absorption bandwidth (EAB) of 4.32 GHz at a relatively thin thickness of 1.5 mm. This work provides a promising way to prepare novel biomass-derived porous carbon for strong broadband electromagnetic absorption. Graphical abstract

With the development of photocatalytic hydrogen production technology, the effective transport of photogenerated carrier electrons is still one of the main factors affecting the performance of photocatalytic hydrogen evolution. In this work, graphdiyne was prepared by ball milling method. The CoMo-MOF with polyhedral structure was introduced into graphdiyne to construct S-scheme heterojunction to promote the efficient transfer of photogenerated carriers and enhanced hydrogen evolution activity. Graphdiyne is a new carbon material with adjustable band gap, which is synthesized from the hybrid of sp and sp 2 , and has excellent electrical conductivity. CoMo-MOF is a polyhedral structure that can provide more active sites and promote photocatalytic hydrogen evolution. The weak point of poor conductivity in CoMo-MOF has been successfully improved by combining CoMo-MOF with graphdiyne, and the migration rate of photogenerated carriers has been accelerated. The hydrogen evolution property of graphdiyne/CoMo-MOF is 300 μmol, which is 19.61 times that of graphdiyne and 9.03 times that of CoMo-MOF. Therefore, the construction of S-scheme heterojunction provides a transport channel for electron transfer and improves the efficiency of photogenerated carrier separation. This work provides a new train of thought of design to introduce MOFs materials into carbon materials for photocatalytic hydrogen evolution.

Compared to carbon nanotubes (CNTs), graphene possesses high strength due to wrinkled surface texture caused by a high density of surface defects which benefits more contact with the polymer material than a rolled-up CNT. In the present review, we have discussed and compared the various properties of CNTs (1-D) and graphene (2-D) obtained in experimental results. The effects of covalent and non-covalent functionalization of CNTs and graphene on the properties of its composites have also been reviewed and compared. A comparative analysis has been carried out between CNTs and graphene-reinforced polymer composites. Furthermore, the synergetic effects of CNTs and graphene hybrid nanofiller on the mechanical properties of polymer composites have also been briefly discussed. Finally, this review concludes with the potential application and future challenges are discussed with regards to filler and their polymer composites.