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The sleep-deprived human brain
Key Points
Sleep deprivation triggers a set of bidirectional changes in brain activity and connectivity, depending on the specific cognitive or affective behaviours engaged.
Changes in brain activity are observed when averaged across a session of task performance and during on-task performance, wherein marked brain network instability seems to be a neural hallmark of sleep deprivation.
Not all changes in brain function that are associated with sleep loss are maladaptive and thus represent deficiencies, as some predict resilience in behavioural ability and are therefore compensatory.
These basic scientific findings offer causal mechanistic insights into select neurological and psychiatric disorders in which abnormalities in sleep and cognition or emotion are highly comorbid, indicating that sleep intervention is an underappreciated and novel target for disease treatment and/or prevention.
The robust neural and behavioural phenotypes characterized by this Review can inform debates regarding sleep recommendations for both public and professional health policies, especially in light of the escalating sleep-loss epidemic prevalent throughout industrialized nations.
How does sleep deprivation affect the human brain? Walker and colleagues review neuroimaging studies on the consequences of sleep deprivation on cognition and emotion — with specific focuses on attention and working memory, positive and negative emotion, and hippocampal learning — and the mechanisms underlying these effects.
How does a lack of sleep affect our brains? In contrast to the benefits of sleep, frameworks exploring the impact of sleep loss are relatively lacking. Importantly, the effects of sleep deprivation (SD) do not simply reflect the absence of sleep and the benefits attributed to it; rather, they reflect the consequences of several additional factors, including extended wakefulness. With a focus on neuroimaging studies, we review the consequences of SD on attention and working memory, positive and negative emotion, and hippocampal learning. We explore how this evidence informs our mechanistic understanding of the known changes in cognition and emotion associated with SD, and the insights it provides regarding clinical conditions associated with sleep disruption.
Journal Article
Waterloo : Wellington, Napoleon, and the battle that saved Europe
Presents a history of the campaign and battle that profiles its armies, commanders, and other key contributors against a backdrop of war-torn future Belgium to share new insights into the conflict's relevance and legacy.
Book
Sleep loss causes social withdrawal and loneliness
Loneliness and social isolation markedly increase mortality risk, and are linked to numerous mental and physical comorbidities, including sleep disruption. But does sleep loss causally trigger loneliness? Here, we demonstrate that a lack of sleep leads to a neural and behavioral phenotype of social withdrawal and loneliness; one that can be perceived by other members of society, and reciprocally, makes those societal members lonelier in return. We propose a model in which sleep loss instigates a propagating, self-reinforcing cycle of social separation and withdrawal.
Loneliness markedly increases mortality and morbidity, yet the factors triggering loneliness remain largely unknown. This study shows that sleep loss leads to a neurobehavioral phenotype of human social separation and loneliness, one that is transmittable to non-sleep-deprived individuals.
Journal Article
The Congress of Vienna and its legacy : war and great power diplomacy after Napoleon
The Vienna Congress marked one of the turning points in diplomatic history - an attempt to create an 'international order' to secure peace for the 19th century. Mark Jarrett argues that the Congress in fact marked the beginning of the end for the Ancien Regime, and has had an enormous influence, right through to present day.
Book
Role of sleep deprivation in immune-related disease risk and outcomes
Modern societies are experiencing an increasing trend of reduced sleep duration, with nocturnal sleeping time below the recommended ranges for health. Epidemiological and laboratory studies have demonstrated detrimental effects of sleep deprivation on health. Sleep exerts an immune-supportive function, promoting host defense against infection and inflammatory insults. Sleep deprivation has been associated with alterations of innate and adaptive immune parameters, leading to a chronic inflammatory state and an increased risk for infectious/inflammatory pathologies, including cardiometabolic, neoplastic, autoimmune and neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we review recent advancements on the immune responses to sleep deprivation as evidenced by experimental and epidemiological studies, the pathophysiology, and the role for the sleep deprivation-induced immune changes in increasing the risk for chronic diseases. Gaps in knowledge and methodological pitfalls still remain. Further understanding of the causal relationship between sleep deprivation and immune deregulation would help to identify individuals at risk for disease and to prevent adverse health outcomes.Garbarino et al review recent experimental and epidemiological developments regarding immune responses to sleep deprivation and consider the role for the sleep deprivation induced immune changes in increasing the risk for chronic diseases.
Journal Article
Waterloo
Waterloo was the last battle fought by Napoleon and the one which finally ended his imperial dreams. It involved huge armies and heavy losses on both sides. For those who fought in it - Dutch and Belgians, Prussians and Hanoverians as well as British and French troops - it was a murderous struggle. For all its ferocity, it was a battle that would be remembered very differently across Europe. In Britain it would be seen as an iconic battle whose memory would be enmeshed in British national identity across the following century. It failed to achieve this iconic status elsewhere. In Prussia it was overshadowed by the Battle of the Nations at Leipzig, while in Holland it was a simple appendage to the prestige of the House of Orange. And in France it was the epitome of a heroic defeat that served to sustain the romantic legend of the Napoleonic Wars and contributed to the growing cult of Napoleon himself. Whereas most works on the battle of Waterloo are only military in nature, Alan Forrest's outstanding work-the first in the Great Battles series -- describes every aspect of how the battle was fought but deals equally with the aftermath: how it has been commemorated, and its legacy. --Provided by publisher.
Book
Thalamic dual control of sleep and wakefulness
Slow waves (0.5–4 Hz) predominate in the cortical electroencephalogram during non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep in mammals. They reflect the synchronization of large neuronal ensembles alternating between active (UP) and quiescent (Down) states and propagating along the neocortex. The thalamic contribution to cortical UP states and sleep modulation remains unclear. Here we show that spontaneous firing of centromedial thalamus (CMT) neurons in mice is phase-advanced to global cortical UP states and NREM–wake transitions. Tonic optogenetic activation of CMT neurons induces NREM–wake transitions, whereas burst activation mimics UP states in the cingulate cortex and enhances brain-wide synchrony of cortical slow waves during sleep, through a relay in the anterodorsal thalamus. Finally, we demonstrate that CMT and anterodorsal thalamus relay neurons promote sleep recovery. These findings suggest that the tonic and/or burst firing pattern of CMT neurons can modulate brain-wide cortical activity during sleep and provides dual control of sleep–wake states.
Journal Article
Exploring phylogeny to find the function of sleep
During sleep, animals do not eat, reproduce or forage. Sleeping animals are vulnerable to predation. Yet, the persistence of sleep despite evolutionary pressures, and the deleterious effects of sleep deprivation, indicate that sleep serves a function or functions that cannot easily be bypassed. Recent research demonstrates sleep to be phylogenetically far more pervasive than previously appreciated; it is possible that the very first animals slept. Here, we give an overview of sleep across various species, with the aim of determining its original purpose. Sleep exists in animals without cephalized nervous systems and can be influenced by non-neuronal signals, including those associated with metabolic rhythms. Together, these observations support the notion that sleep serves metabolic functions in neural and non-neural tissues.
Journal Article