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16,698 result(s) for "1952"
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مقدمات ثورة 23 يوليو 1952 : الكفاح في القتال-حريق القاهرة-وزارات الموظفين-أسباب الثورة-فاروق يمهد للثورة
ينظر إلى عبد الرحمن الرافعي على أنه جبرني مصر الحديث فقد عكف طوال عمره على كتابة التاريخ المصري فبدأه بتاريخ الحركة القومية في عصر المماليك والحملة الفرنسية .. حتى ثورة 23 يوليو في سبع سنوات. وإلى جانب هذه الحقبة التاريخية نجده يكتب أيضا مؤلفات أخرى هامة. وكتابات الرافعي تتسم بالصدق والدقة والحيدة .. فهو يبدأ بذكر أسباب الحادث ثم سرده ثم رأيه فيه .. ومن ثم فإن فكرة الرافعي يسود هذه المؤلفات ويعبر عن كفاح الشعب المصري في مواجهة القوى المختلفة والملابسات التي أحاطته وفي هذا الكتاب نقدم كتابة عن مقدامت ثورة 23 يوليو، وهى الفترة التي قع ما بين إلغاء معاهدة 1636 وحتى اندلاع الثورة بالفعل.
Can Russia Modernise?
In this original, bottom-up account of the evolution of contemporary Russia, Alena Ledeneva seeks to reveal how informal power operates. Concentrating on Vladimir Putin's system of governance - referred to as sistema - she identifies four key types of networks: his inner circle, useful friends, core contacts and more diffuse ties and connections. These networks serve sistema but also serve themselves. Reliance on networks enables leaders to mobilise and to control, yet they also lock politicians, bureaucrats and businessmen into informal deals, mediated interests and personalised loyalty. This is the 'modernisation trap of informality': one cannot use the potential of informal networks without triggering their negative long-term consequences for institutional development. Ledeneva's perspective on informal power is based on in-depth interviews with sistema insiders and enhanced by evidence of its workings brought to light in court cases, enabling her to draw broad conclusions about the prospects for Russia's political institutions.
مقدمات ثورة 23 يوليه سنة 1952 : الكفاح في القنال-حريق القاهرة-وزارات الموظفين-أسباب الثورة-فاروق يمهد للثورة
ينظر إلى عبد الرحمن الرافعي على أنه جبرني مصر الحديث فقد عكف طوال عمره على كتابة التاريخ المصري فبدأه بتاريخ الحركة القومية في عصر المماليك والحملة الفرنسية .. حتى ثورة 23 يوليو في سبع سنوات. وإلى جانب هذه الحقبة التاريخية نجده يكتب أيضا مؤلفات أخرى هامة. وكتابات الرافعي تتسم بالصدق والدقة والحيدة .. فهو يبدأ بذكر أسباب الحادث ثم سرده ثم رأيه فيه .. ومن ثم فإن فكرة الرافعي يسود هذه المؤلفات ويعبر عن كفاح الشعب المصري في مواجهة القوى المختلفة والملابسات التي أحاطته وفي هذا الكتاب نقدم كتابة عن مقدامت ثورة 23 يوليو، وهى الفترة التي قع ما بين إلغاء معاهدة 1636 وحتى اندلاع الثورة بالفعل.
Other Letters to Milena / Otras cartas a Milena
Published in Spanish as Otras cartas a Milena , Other Letters to Milena shows Rodríguez confronting pressing issues at the turn of the twenty-first century.These involve a new post-Soviet world and the realities of diasporic existence, which have a profound effect even on people like Rodríguez who have not migrated but continue to live and work.
The future of the Soviet past : the politics of history in Putin's Russia
In post-Soviet Russia, there is a persistent trend to repress, control, or even co-opt national history. By reshaping memory to suit a politically convenient narrative, Russia has fashioned a good future out of a \"bad past.\" While Putin's regime has acquired nearly complete control over interpretations of the past, The Future of the Soviet Past reveals that Russia's inability to fully rewrite its Soviet history plays an essential part in its current political agenda. Diverse contributors consider the many ways in which public narrative shapes Russian culture—from cinema, television, and music to museums, legislature, and education—as well as how patriotism reflected in these forms of culture implies a casual acceptance of the valorization of Stalin and his role in World War II. The Future of the Soviet Past provides effective and nuanced examples of how Russia has reimagined its Soviet history as well as how that past still influences Russia's policymaking.
وثائق في طريق عودة الوعي
يقول المؤلف لما كان كتابي (عودة الوعي) هو في الأصل انطباعات وتساؤلات ودعوة إلى فتح باب الملفات، لمعرفة الحقيقية عن فترة من تاريخ بلدنا، فإن هذا الكتاب هو خطوة في طريق عودة الوعي إلى الأمة بمعرفة شيء من الحقيقة التي حجبت عن كثير من الناس وذلك من واقع وثائق رسمية فمن استطاع الحصول على وثيقة من الوثائق هو الذي يستطيع أن يسهم بالفعل لا بالكلام في إلقاء الضوء على فترات التاريخ وها هي ذي صفحة منسية ووثيقة مطوية لها دلالتها ولها فائدتها في توضيح بعض الأمور والمواقف، إنها رسالة طويلة إلى عبد الناصر، ثم التحقيقات التي أجرتها النيابة العامة حول هذه الرسالة. أما الرسالة فقد كتبتها بمناسبة تعيين محمد حسنين هيكل وزيرا ونقله بذلك من مجال القلم إلى كرسي السلطة... ولكن هذه الرسالة أصبحت موضع تحقيقات كما هو مبين في ملفات التحقيق الرسمية هذه... ومنها يتضح كيف أن هذه الرسالة على الرغم من صيغتها الودية وصراحتها المخلصة ونصحها الأمين لم تكن محل ترحيب بل كانت موضع ضيق.
Inflammation and immune dysfunction in Parkinson disease
Parkinson disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that affects peripheral organs as well as the central nervous system and involves a fundamental role of neuroinflammation in its pathophysiology. Neurohistological and neuroimaging studies support the presence of ongoing and end-stage neuroinflammatory processes in PD. Moreover, numerous studies of peripheral blood and cerebrospinal fluid from patients with PD suggest alterations in markers of inflammation and immune cell populations that could initiate or exacerbate neuroinflammation and perpetuate the neurodegenerative process. A number of disease genes and risk factors have been identified as modulators of immune function in PD and evidence is mounting for a role of viral or bacterial exposure, pesticides and alterations in gut microbiota in disease pathogenesis. This has led to the hypothesis that complex gene-by-environment interactions combine with an ageing immune system to create the ‘perfect storm’ that enables the development and progression of PD. We discuss the evidence for this hypothesis and opportunities to harness the emerging immunological knowledge from patients with PD to create better preclinical models with the long-term goal of enabling earlier identification of at-risk individuals to prevent, delay and more effectively treat the disease.This Review from Tansey and colleagues explores how an ageing immune system, host genetics and exposure to various environmental stressors combine to promote the development of Parkinson disease.
Microglia and macrophages in brain homeostasis and disease
Microglia and non-parenchymal macrophages in the brain are mononuclear phagocytes that are increasingly recognized to be essential players in the development, homeostasis and diseases of the central nervous system. With the availability of new genetic, molecular and pharmacological tools, considerable advances have been made towards our understanding of the embryonic origins, developmental programmes and functions of these cells. These exciting discoveries, some of which are still controversial, also raise many new questions, which makes brain macrophage biology a fast-growing field at the intersection of neuroscience and immunology. Here, we review the current knowledge of how and where brain macrophages are generated, with a focus on parenchymal microglia. We also discuss their normal functions during development and homeostasis, the disturbance of which may lead to various neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric diseases.