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A conservative take on the antifascist movement Antifascism argues that current self-described antifascists are not struggling against a reappearance of interwar fascism, and that the Left that claims to be opposing fascism has little in common with any earlier Left, except for some overlap with critical theorists of the Frankfurt School. Paul Gottfried looks at antifascism from its roots in early twentieth-century Europe to its American manifestation in the present. The pivotal development for defining the present political spectrum, he suggests, has been the replacement of a recognizably Marxist Left by an intersectional one. Political and ideological struggles have been configured around this new Left, which has become a dominant force throughout the Western world. Gottfried discusses the major changes undergone by antifascist ideology since the 1960s, fascist and antifascist models of the state and assumptions about human nature, nationalism versus globalism, the antifascism of the American conservative establishment, and Antifa in the United States. Also included is an excursus on the theory of knowledge presented by Thomas Hobbes in Leviathan . In Antifascism Gottfried concludes that promoting a fear of fascism today serves the interests of the powerful-in particular, those in positions of political, journalistic, and educational power who want to bully and isolate political opponents. He points out the generous support given to the intersectional Left by multinational capitalists and examines the movement of the white working class in Europe-including former members of Communist parties-toward the populist Right, suggesting this shows a political dynamic that is different from the older dialectic between Marxists and anti-Marxists.

This chapter contains sections titled: Yugoslav History and Context Black Wave Poetics Transnational Trends and Connections Notes References Further Reading

This chapter contains sections titled: Multicultural Origins New Spain and New France: A Literature of Conquest and Survival Literary Production in the English Settlements: The Southern and Middle Colonies Literature in Early New England Enlightenment, Revolution, and the First Professional Writers A Nation and a National Literature Matures References and Further Reading

Declassified Keyhole imagery partially provides multi-temporal coverage that can support land-use change analysis. However, the volume of commercial (paid) Keyhole data is much larger than that of free imagery, and the extent to which commercial data can enhance the application of Keyhole imagery for land-use change analysis remains unknown. In this work, the full archive of Keyhole images for China was obtained from the USGS to identify regions with repeated coverage automatically by using the ArcPy library in Python. The years from 1960 to 1984 were divided into five 5-year periods (T1, 1960~1964; T2, 1965~1969; T3, 1970~1974; T4, 1975~1979; and T5, 1980~1984). The Keyhole images’ metadata, including resolution, acquisition time, and image extent, were utilized to classify the images into meter level (C1), five-meter level (C2), and ten-meter level (C3). The spatial distributions of combinations of imagery at different resolutions for each period and the repeated coverage of imagery at each resolution across the five periods were investigated to extract repeated-coverage regions. The coverage proportions were nearly 100% for C1 imagery for the T3, T4, and T5 periods; C2 for T1 and T2; and C3 for T1 and T3. The T3 period featured extensive coverage at all three resolutions (66%). The T1 period was mainly covered by C2/C3 (93%), and T4 had C1/C3 coverage (68%). In contrast, T2 relied primarily on C2 imagery (100%), and T5 was only covered by C1 (96%). For C1 imagery, land-use changes in almost all areas in China in the T3/T4/T5 time span could be detected, and for C2 and C3 images, the corresponding time spans were T1/T2 and T1/T3. Although this study focused on repeated-coverage area detection within China, the methodology and Python codes provided allow for the implementation of an automated process for land-use change detection from the 1960s to the 1980s in other regions worldwide.

Keyhole imagery, acquired between the 1960s and 1980s, offers a unique opportunity to study land use changes prior to the era of modern remote sensing. This study evaluates the potential of free-download Keyhole imagery within China to detect land use changes over five 5-year periods (1960–1984). Using metadata and spatial analysis tools in Python 3.12, we classified images into three resolution categories (meter-level, five-meter-level, and ten-meter-level) and analyzed their spatial distribution and repeated coverage. Results show that 26.5%, 58.9%, and 34.0% of areas were capable of detecting at least one land-use change event for the respective resolution categories. The T3 period (1970–1974) exhibited the greatest diversity of imagery combinations among the five periods. However, uneven spatial and temporal coverage, particularly in western and rural regions, limits the ability of free Keyhole imagery to conduct continuous multi-temporal analysis, and collaboration with paid Keyhole imagery could fill gaps in coverage and improve the accuracy of land use change detection. The study highlights the potential of Keyhole imagery for historical land use research while underscoring the need for methodological refinements to address data limitations. The shared Python scripts and metadata processing techniques could also support other land-use change research using Keyhole imagery globally.

The rise in the age at first birth has been universal in low-fertility countries in the last decades. Mothers who have their first child later tend to have fewer children, and in the absence of fertility catch-up at older ages, delayed fertility contributes to cohort fertility decline. We aim to study how changes in completed cohort fertility (quantum) relate to delayed age at first birth (tempo) across birth cohorts. We use birth histories collected in surveys or censuses in ten high-income countries. We rely on a decomposition analysis that quantifies how much the changes in age at first birth, mothers' completed fertility conditional on age at first birth, and childlessness contribute to the total change in cohort fertility over the 1940-1969 birth cohorts. In many countries and cohorts, the fertility intensity of mothers increased more at later ages than at earlier ages, reflecting the catching up of those who had delayed childbearing. However, in most countries studied, the increased fertility intensity of mothers at older ages was not sufficient to offset the depressing effect of delayed first births on cohort fertility rates. Increased childlessness and delayed childbearing are important components of the fertility decline. The chances of a full fertility recovery in the future are minimal, given the inertia of mothers' completed fertility conditional on age at first birth across successive birth cohorts.

The \"liberal hour\" lasted only a few years, from 1963 to 1966, from the final days of John F. Kennedy's presidency through the first three years of Lyndon B. Johnson's, but in that brief period of time came two civil rights acts that remade politics not only in the South but also across the entire country; the unassailable edifices of Medicare and Medicaid; pioneering environmental laws; education and immigration bills; stronger protections for consumers; a host of antipoverty programs, including food stamps and Head Start; new federal departments of transportation and housing and urban development; and other reform measures, literally hundreds. A deep-dyed conservative, Dirksen nonetheless rose above party and partisanship to assure the passage of civil rights legislation and other bills favored by Democrats.

This article examines the emergence, consolidation, and influence of the Cristianos por el Socialismo (CpS, or Christians for Socialism) movement as part of the overlapping political and religious transformations of the 1960s. The election of self-declared Marxist Salvador Allende in 1970 inspired a sector of the clergy to creatively converge the tenets of Marxism and Christianity. The notion of transcendence and the construction of a “New Man” appealed to the utopian aspects of both religious and Marxist thinking. The Chilean CpS had a Latin American impact, as evidenced by the First Latin American Encounter of Christians for Socialism in Santiago in 1972, and a transnational impact, as seen in the formation of the Ecumenical Association of Third World Theologians in 1976. The analysis of CpS and its influence within and outside of Chile reveals an often-overlooked component of the Chilean road to socialism: the work of Catholics in Marxist-Christian rapprochement. Este artículo examina el surgimiento, consolidación e influencia del movimiento Cristianos por el Socialismo (CpS) dentro de una variedad de transformaciones políticas y religiosas interconectadas de los años sesenta. La elección de Salvador Allende en 1970 inspiró a un sector del clero chileno a vincular de manera creativa los principios del marxismo y el cristianismo. La noción de trascendencia y la construcción de un “Hombre Nuevo” apeló a los aspectos utópicos del pensamiento tanto religioso como marxista. El CpS chileno tuvo un impacto latinoamericano, como lo demuestra el Primer Encuentro Latinoamericano de Cristianos por el Socialismo en Santiago en 1972, y un impacto transnacional, visto en la formación de la Asociación Ecuménica de Teólogos del Tercer Mundo en 1976. El análisis del CpS y su influencia dentro y fuera de Chile revela el trabajo de los católicos en el acercamiento marxista-cristiano. Esta es una dimensión a menudo ignorada por la historiografía.

Influenza mortality has dramatically decreased in France since the 1950s. Annual death rates peaked during two pandemics: the Asian flu (1956-1957) and the Hong Kong flu (1969-1970). This study's objective is to evaluate whether the second pandemic created a structural change in the dynamics of influenza mortality in France. We employ a new database on influenza mortality since 1950 at the subnational level (90 geographic areas) to estimate statistical models to find out whether a structural change happened and to explain the differences in mortality rates across geographic areas. Influenza mortality increased between 1950 and 1969 and decreased from 1970 onward. The Hong Kong flu is identified as the event of a structural break. After the break, geographical differences are less explained by regional characteristics such as income, density, or aging ratio. The Hong Kong flu was found to be associated with a major change in influenza mortality in France. Change in health practices and policies induced a decline in mortality that started in 1970, just after the pandemic. The health benefits are notably important for senior citizens and for the poorest regions.

In contemporary times, the conceptualisation of marriage has shifted; however, societal attitudes and cultural ideologies regarding its construction remain complex. As such, unique generational perspectives are needed to reflect on how marriage has evolved and to comment on ongoing tensions related to it. This study explores how individuals born in the 1960s conceptualise marriage, examining the complex interplay between traditional values and evolving perspectives. Using an exploratory qualitative design underpinned by a social constructionist epistemology, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 12 participants (7 female, 5 male) aged 56–65. Reflexive thematic analysis revealed three main themes: (1) Unveiling the New Vows: The Shifting Values of Marriage and Family, (2) Breaking Boundaries and Transforming Traditions: Debunking Heteronormativity, and (3) Witnessing Progression: Dismantling Barriers and Embracing Diversity and Equality in Marriage. The findings indicate a significant shift in how marriage is viewed, with participants demonstrating both nostalgia for traditional constructs and support for more inclusive definitions. Notably, many participants positioned themselves as more progressive than their peers, challenging notions of homogenous generational attitudes. This study highlights the ongoing tension between traditional and contemporary views of marriage, suggesting that efforts to promote inclusivity must address both legal barriers and deeply ingrained cultural norms. These findings contribute to our understanding of how social institutions like marriage are reconceptualised over time, emphasising the dynamic nature of social change and the capacity for individuals to evolve in their perspectives on deeply entrenched societal norms.