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Peruvian Foreign Policy in the Modern Era
Peruvian Foreign Policy in the Modern Era is a chronological treatment of Peruvian foreign policy from 1990 to the present. It focuses on the impact of domestic politics, economic interests, security concerns, and alliance diplomacy on contemporary Peruvian foreign policy.
eBook
Non-Classical monocytes display inflammatory features: Validation in Sepsis and Systemic Lupus Erythematous
Given the importance of monocytes in pathogenesis of infectious and other inflammatory disorders, delineating functional and phenotypic characterization of monocyte subsets has emerged as a critical requirement. Although human monocytes have been subdivided into three different populations based on surface expression of CD14 and CD16, published reports suffer from contradictions with respect to subset phenotypes and function. This has been attributed to discrepancies in reliable gating strategies for flow cytometric characterization and purification protocols contributing to significant changes in receptor expression. By using a combination of multicolour flow cytometry and a high-dimensional automated clustering algorithm to confirm robustness of gating strategy and analysis of ex-vivo activation of whole blood with LPS we demonstrate the following: a. ‘Classical’ monocytes are phagocytic with no inflammatory attributes, b. ‘Non-classical’ subtype display ‘inflammatory’ characteristics on activation and display properties for antigen presentation and c. ‘Intermediate’ subtype that constitutes a very small percentage in circulation (under physiological conditions) appear to be transitional monocytes that display both phagocytic and inflammatory function. Analysis of blood from patients with Sepsis, a pathogen driven acute inflammatory disease and Systemic Lupus Erythmatosus (SLE), a chronic inflammatory disorder validated the broad conclusions drawn in the study.
Journal Article
The angiocrine Rspondin3 instructs interstitial macrophage transition via metabolic–epigenetic reprogramming and resolves inflammatory injury
Macrophages demonstrate remarkable plasticity that is essential for host defense and tissue repair. The tissue niche imprints macrophage identity, phenotype and function. The role of vascular endothelial signals in tailoring the phenotype and function of tissue macrophages remains unknown. The lung is a highly vascularized organ and replete with a large population of resident macrophages. We found that, in response to inflammatory injury, lung endothelial cells release the Wnt signaling modulator Rspondin3, which activates β-catenin signaling in lung interstitial macrophages and increases mitochondrial respiration by glutaminolysis. The generated tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediate α-ketoglutarate, in turn, serves as the cofactor for the epigenetic regulator TET2 to catalyze DNA hydroxymethylation. Notably, endothelial-specific deletion of Rspondin3 prevented the formation of anti-inflammatory interstitial macrophages in endotoxemic mice and induced unchecked severe inflammatory injury. Thus, the angiocrine–metabolic–epigenetic signaling axis specified by the endothelium is essential for reprogramming interstitial macrophages and dampening inflammatory injury.
The angiocrine Rspondin3 is produced by endothelial cells (ECs) and controls growth and development. Malik and colleagues show that lung ECs produce Rspondin3 following injury and specifically direct interstitial macrophages into an anti-inflammatory and wound-healing program.
Journal Article
Florida and the Mariel Boatlift of 1980
Winner of the Florida Historical Society's 2015 Stetson
Kennedy Award The 1980 Mariel Boatlift was a
profound episode in twentieth-century American history, impacting
not just Florida, but the entire country. During the first twenty
days of the boatlift, with little support from the federal
government, the state of Florida coordinated and responded to the
sudden arrival in Key West of more than thirty thousand Cuban
refugees, the first wave of immigrants who became known as
“Marielitos.” Kathleen Dupes Hawk, Ron Villella,
Adolfo Leyva de Varona, and Kristen Cifers combine the insights
of expert observers with the experiences of actual participants.
The authors organize and present a wealth of primary sources,
first-hand accounts, archival research, government records, and
interviews with policy-makers, volunteers, and refugees that
bring into focus the many far-reaching human, political, and
cultural outcomes of the Mariel Boatlift that continue to
influence Florida, the United States, and Cuba today. Emerging
from these key records and accounts is a grand narrative of high
human drama. Castro’s haphazard and temporary opening of
Cuba spurred many thousands of Cubans to depart in calamitously
rushed, unprepared, and dangerous conditions. The book tells the
stories of these Cuban citizens, most legitimately seeking
political asylum but also including subversive agents, convicted
criminals, and the mentally ill, who began arriving in the US
beginning in April 1980. It also recounts how local and state
agencies and private volunteers with few directives or resources
were left to improvise ways to provide the Marielitos food,
shelter, and security as well as transportation away from Key
West. The book provides a definitive account of the political,
legal, and administrative twists on the local, state, and federal
levels in response to the crisis as well as of the
often-dysfunctional attempts at collaboration between
governmental and private institutions. Vivid and readable,
Florida and the Mariel Boatlift of 1980 presents the
significant details that illuminate and humanize this complex
humanitarian, political, and logistical crisis.
eBook
Sepsis-associated acute kidney injury: consensus report of the 28th Acute Disease Quality Initiative workgroup
Sepsis-associated acute kidney injury (SA-AKI) is common in critically ill patients and is strongly associated with adverse outcomes, including an increased risk of chronic kidney disease, cardiovascular events and death. The pathophysiology of SA-AKI remains elusive, although microcirculatory dysfunction, cellular metabolic reprogramming and dysregulated inflammatory responses have been implicated in preclinical studies. SA-AKI is best defined as the occurrence of AKI within 7 days of sepsis onset (diagnosed according to Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcome criteria and Sepsis 3 criteria, respectively). Improving outcomes in SA-AKI is challenging, as patients can present with either clinical or subclinical AKI. Early identification of patients at risk of AKI, or at risk of progressing to severe and/or persistent AKI, is crucial to the timely initiation of adequate supportive measures, including limiting further insults to the kidney. Accordingly, the discovery of biomarkers associated with AKI that can aid in early diagnosis is an area of intensive investigation. Additionally, high-quality evidence on best-practice care of patients with AKI, sepsis and SA-AKI has continued to accrue. Although specific therapeutic options are limited, several clinical trials have evaluated the use of care bundles and extracorporeal techniques as potential therapeutic approaches. Here we provide graded recommendations for managing SA-AKI and highlight priorities for future research.Sepsis-associated acute kidney injury (SA-AKI) is linked with poor outcomes in critically ill patients. This Consensus Statement from the Acute Disease Quality Initiative discusses the definition, epidemiology and pathophysiology of SA-AKI, fluid, resuscitation and extracorporeal therapies, and the role of biomarkers in risk stratification and diagnosis.
Journal Article