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Toward the middle of the nineteenth century, a large Subbotnik community established itself in the village of Privol’noe in the Lankaran district of Baku province in Southern Caucasus. By early 1909, however, the names of two small Subbotnik communities—both in the settlement of Petrovka, near Privol’noe—began to appear in the documents of the Baku province administration. While the Privol’noe community has been thoroughly studied, those of Petrovka remain largely unexplored. At their peak, Petrovka’s two Subbotnik communities were divided, belonging to different Jewish streams, and segregated from each other. Based mainly on documents from the National Historical Archives of the Republic of Azerbaijan (NAHARA), this study uncovers these communities and compares their religious life with each other. It does so in the context of the Russo-Ottoman and Irano-Russian geopolitical rivalries in Southern Caucasus. The study explains how and which aspects of this struggle led Russia to originally establish communities like Petrovka at the start of the examined period. It further explores why Russia later lost interest in supporting the Petrovka communities by the end of said period.

Abstract Changes in growth and height reflect changes in nutritional status and health. The systematic surveillance of growth can suggest areas for interventions. Moreover, phenotypic variation has a strong intergenerational component. There is a lack of historical family data that can be used to track the transmission of height over subsequent generations. Maternal height is a proxy for conditions experienced by one generation that relates to the health/growth of future generations. Cross-sectional/cohort studies have shown that shorter maternal height is closely associated with lower birth weight of offspring. We analyzed the maternal height and offspring weight at birth in the maternity hospital in Basel, Switzerland, from 1896 to 1939 (N = ∼12,000) using generalized additive models (GAMs). We observed that average height of the mothers increased by ∼4 cm across 60 birth years and that average birth weight of their children shows a similarly shaped and upward trend 28 years later. Our final model (adjusted for year, parity, sex of the child, gestational age, and maternal birth year) revealed a significant and almost linear association between maternal height and birth weight. Maternal height was the second most important variable modeling birth weight, after gestational age. In addition, we found a significant association between maternal height and aggregated average height of males from the same birth years at time of conscription, 19 years later. Our results have implications for public health: When (female/maternal) height increases due to improved nutritional status, size at birth—and subsequently also the height in adulthood of the next generation—increases as well. However, the directions of development in this regard may currently differ depending on the world region.

The evolution of the Armenian presence in mainland France from 1891 to 1990 is described on the basis of an inventory of more than 7000 family names of Armenian origin extracted from the INSEE surname database. Several surname samplings are proposed, and parameters such as the number of different Armenian names, the number of births with these names and their proportions are used as descriptors for each of the 320 French arrondissements and the four successive 25-year periods between 1891 and 1990. Before 1915, Armenian surnames and births with these names are infrequent and almost exclusively located in Paris and the arrondissements of Marseille. From 1915 onwards, subsequent to the genocide in Turkey, the number of births and the diversity of Armenian surnames rose sharply until 1940, before stabilizing thereafter. The diaspora remains essentially centred in Paris, Lyon, and Marseille, with little regional extension around these poles.

Abstract This paper focuses on the sociocultural and historical context in which the Egyptian poet Muḥammad Ḥāfiẓ Ibrāhīm (c. 1872-1932) represented contemporary constitutional movements in the Muslim world, with special emphasis on developments in the Ottoman Empire and in late nineteenth- to early twentieth-century Egypt - back then, at least nominally, still a part of it - and extending to Iran's Constitutional Revolution. References in Ḥāfiẓ Ibrāhīm's poetry to constitutionalism in Japan will also be discussed in order to point out that the poet, while closely following constitutional movements in the Ottoman Empire and in Iran, in fact viewed constitutionalism as an historical process transcending geographical and cultural boundaries. Therefore, we shall also try to identify the general idea of history underlying Ḥāfiẓ Ibrāhīm's portrayal of constitutionalism. Comparative references to constitutional poetry in Iran of that time are intended to point out the supra-regional dimension both of constitutionalism itself and of poetical modes of imagining it. Likewise, this approach is designed to make the point that constitutional poetry in the Muslim world at that time was more than just poetic commentary on constitutional movements; it was itself part of them.

Basándonos en un enfoque transnacional, en el presente escrito examinaremos los circuitos de circulación artística que conectaron Italia y Chile entre los siglos XIX y XX, analizaremos el rol de mediación cultural que la escultura tuvo entre dichos lugares, y evidenciaremos como esta disciplina se convirtió en un vehículo de transmisión privilegiado de repertorios visuales, técnicas y valores simbólicos. Nuestra indagación abracará las macro-áreas identificadas como los principales canales de difusión de la escultura italiana en América, que hemos adecuado al caso chileno: eso es, monumento público, escultura sacra-funeraria e industrial, enseñanza, museos y exposiciones. Apoyándonos en fuentes primarias recopiladas en archivos de ambos países, nuestra propuesta considera la escultura como forma de agencia simbólica y cultural, capaz de articular identidades nacionales y memorias colectivas, lejos de ser entendida como mero objeto artístico, funcionando como vehículo de modernidad y legitimación cultural, y contribuyendo a la construcción de nuevas narrativas nacionales en el Chile emancipado.

History and art come together in this definitive discussion of the Chinese woodblock print form of nianhua, literally New Year pictures. James Flath analyzes the role of nianhua in the home and later in the theatre and relates these artworks to the social, cultural, and political milieu of North China as it was between the late Qing dynasty and the early 1950s. Among the first studies in any field to treat folk art as historical text, this extraordinary account offers original insight into popular conceptions of domesticity, morality, gender, society, modernity, and the transformation of the genre as a propaganda tool under communism.

Earth buildings are among the richest sources of archaeobotanical materials from the recent past. Thus, mudbrick constructions are extremely rich in plant materials, especially chaff, straw, fruits and seeds. Recovery of these remains enables us to gain a comprehensive insight into the contemporary floras of past settlements and their surroundings. Mudbricks from southwest Hungary which were 100–150 years old and were used there as traditional natural building materials, were examined in this research from an archaeobotanical point of view. Techniques were used that mostly come from modern seed bank research, and the most efficient processing methods were tested and further developed. Different flotation procedures were compared and the minimum sample volume was also determined. A new sodium chloride (common salt) flotation method was developed, providing a useful separation procedure for the recovery of plant remains and diaspores (seeds) from mudbrick. The effectiveness of sodium chloride is similar to other chemicals used in seed bank research, but much more economical. The minimum and optimum sample volumes are 2,500–3,500 cm³; these are necessary to recover most of the taxa preserved in the bricks. A trend in the recovery of different sized seeds was also observed, revealing that the recovery of smaller seeds was less successful. Using the sodium chloride method, more than 18,000 desiccated diaspores were recovered and identified from 212 kg of mudbrick samples, from the period between 1850 and 1930. A total of 249 taxa were identified, most of which are weedy taxa connected to cereal and ruderal weed plant communities.

El artículo trata de la representación visual de las naciones sudamericanas en tarjetas postales a fines del siglo xix y comienzos del siglo xx. En la rica investigación sobre nación y nacionalidad, los trabajos se limitan muy frecuentemente a los medios textuales. Si bien hay obras que analizan medios visuales, en cuanto a las tarjetas postales y su rol en la representación de la nación y la nacionalidad y en el proceso de la construcción de la identidad nacional, se constata una laguna que este artículo pretende contribuir a completar. Esto es esencial porque las imágenes transmitidas en tarjetas postales tenían una circula­ción muy grande: transnacional, transcultural y transclasista. En el artículo se distinguen, analizan e interpretan cinco tipos de motivos que (re)presentan a las naciones sudamericanas en tarjetas postales y ensaya una interpretación de los mismos. Abstract The article deals with the visual representation of South American nations in post­cards in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Despite research being broad on nation and nationality, quite often these works are limited to textual media. And although some works do analyze visual media, there is a research gap as far as postcards and their role in the representation of nation and nationality and in the process of the construction of national identity are concerned. The article aims at closing this gap, a task which is essential because the images transmitted in the form of postcards circulated very widely: transnationally, trans­culturally, and overcoming class limits. Five groups of motives that (re-)present the South American nations in postcards are to be distinguished, examined and interpreted in this article.

ABSTRACTPurpose: The author focuses on the reading habits in Slovenia from the 19th century, when many people were still illiterate, to the period of general literacy and wide availability of books in the time of consumer society. The author outlines how the reading habits were influenced by the expanding literacy, book supply, and library networks.Methodology/approach: The analysis is based on the memories of individual people, reports of library associations, and early published reports on most frequently read publications.Results: In the Austrian period the German language prevailed in education and book production. After the improvement of book supply in the period of the First Yugoslavia books were mostly read in the Slovenian language. Until the middle of the 20th century the statistical data on reading habits is still sporadic and unreliable. Nevertheless, the data registered and referred to in the analysis points to the changing reading habits in Slovenia.Research limitations: The research explores the time when serious statistical analyses of reading habits were still non existent. Thus, the author had to limit his work to individual fragments which have been preserved. The more detailed analyses on the reading habits in Slovenia only emerged in the 1970s.Originality/practical implications: In the literature dealing with the reading habits in Slovenia attention was mostly paid to books, libraries, as well as to printing or publishing houses, while the readers were not so important. However, this paper demonstrates how the future analyses could also take the aspect of the readers’ viewpoint into account.

Race and the Making of American Political Science shows that changing scientific ideas about racial difference were central to the academic study of politics as it emerged in the United States. From the late nineteenth century through the 1930s, scholars of politics defined and continually reoriented their field in response to the political imperatives of the racial order at home and abroad as well to as the vagaries of race science.The Gilded Age scholars who founded the first university departments and journals located sovereignty and legitimacy in a \"Teutonic germ\" of liberty planted in the new world by Anglo-Saxon settlers and almost extinguished in the conflict over slavery. Within a generation, \"Teutonism\" would come to seem like philosophical speculation, but well into the twentieth century, major political scientists understood racial difference to be a fundamental shaper of political life. They wove popular and scientific ideas about race into their accounts of political belonging, of progress and change, of proper hierarchy, and of democracy and its warrants. And they attended closely to new developments in race science, viewing them as central to their own core questions. In doing so, they constructed models of human difference and political life that still exert a powerful hold on our political imagination today, in and outside of the academy.By tracing this history, Jessica Blatt effects a bold reinterpretation of the origins of U.S. political science, one that embeds that history in larger processes of the coproduction of racial ideas, racial oppression, and political knowledge.