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We study the determinants of wage inequality and its fluctuations in six Central-Eastern European nations using European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions microdata from 2010 to 2019. Wage disparity in these countries changed in distinct ways. Inequality in Czechia and Romania is generally steady, has fallen consistently in Poland and Slovakia, and has increased in Bulgaria. Inequality has been steadily reducing in Hungary but has recently increased significantly. Therefore, this paper questions these countries' primary causes of wage inequality changes. In addition to providing a detailed description of inequality trends in these countries, we focus on examining the demographic and micro-level determinants alongside the minimum wage changes. We estimate these effects using RIF regression and RIF decompositions for various inequality measures. The changes in wage inequality in these countries were driven mainly by wage structure effects regardless of the increase or decrease in wage inequality. Changes in the returns to education and returns to permanent employment contracts are crucial in explaining decreased wage inequality. The increases in wage inequality in Hungary and Bulgaria are defined mainly by the changes in the estimated constants instead of micro-level determinants. The changes in the minimum wage explain most of the unknown factors in Bulgaria, and the spillover effects of the minimum wage may explain most of the unknown factors in Hungary. Our results can support the skill-biased technological change hypothesis in the case of Slovakia, Romania, Czechia, and Bulgaria.

Rising employment uncertainty featured by higher risks of being temporarily employed or unemployed is often seen as the driving force behind delayed and declined partnering in Western countries. However, such an employment–partnering relationship is contextualized by labour market institutions and thus could diverge across countries over time. This paper aims to investigate how country-level variations in labour market regulations moderate individual-level effects of unstable employment on union formation, including the transitions into marriage or cohabitation unions. Using comparative panel data for 26 countries from the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (the years 2010–2019), our multilevel fixed effects models showed that temporary employment and unemployment negatively affected the probability of union formation for single women and men in Europe. Moreover, the negative relationship between unstable employment and union formation was reinforced when labour market reforms were stimulating insider–outsider segregations or decreasing welfare provisions. Specifically, stricter employment protection legislations and higher coverage rates of collective bargaining agreements could reinforce the negative effects of temporary employment and unemployment on union formation, while more generous provisions of unemployment benefits could buffer such negative effects.

This article addresses the issue of generic substitution for branded drugs included in life care plans. Such possible substitution is often usually ignored by life care planners and economists who value life care plans. This can be problematic for economists as the factors affecting generic substitution and its impact on health care costs has been a topic that has been extensively researched by health economists. The evolution of how drug regulation has evolved over time, allowing, and sometimes mandating, such substitution is reviewed. That review also covers the history of the generic drug approval process as that is relevant to the current state of generic drug approval. This process has allowed generic manufacturers to thrive and consumers to enjoy the benefit of lower prices for prescription drugs. Relevant research on the effective market exclusivity period for branded drugs can be used by experts to determine the length of the period for which branded, monopoly prices could apply. Such adjustments, along with discounted prices of generic vis-a-vis branded drugs, could be used by economic experts when valuing the medication components of life care plans. Experts making such adjustments will show a lower cost of care. However, economists should be cautious applying such adjustments without indicating certain necessary caveats.

Le grand succès remporté en 2012 par le long-métrage indépendant de fiction Juan de los muertos, qui a remporté, entre autres prix, le Goya du meilleur film étranger, a confirmé une tendance forte à Cuba : la coexistence de différents modes de production et la fin du modèle ICAIC tel qu’il a été conçu en 1959. Cette mutation a entraîné un renouveau humain, thématique et formel ; elle implique également des discussions de fond sur le fonctionnement légal de l’industrie.

El éxito en el año 2012 de la película independiente de ficción Juan de los muertos, que ganó, entre otros premios, el Goya a la mejor película extranjera, confirmó una marcada tendencia cubana: la coexistencia de diferentes modos de producción y el final del modelo ICAIC tal como lo crearon en 1959. Esta mutación provocó una renovación humana, temática y formal, pero también implica debates sobre los principios de funcionamiento legal de la industria.

iFeminism as a method, a movement, a critique, and an identity has been the subject of debates, contestations, and revisions in recent years, yet contemporary global developments and political upheavals have again refocused feminism's collective force. What is feminism now? How do scholars and activists employ contemporary feminism? What feminist traditions endure? Which are no longer relevant in addressing contemporary global conditions? In this interdisciplinary collection, scholars reflect on how contemporary feminism has shaped their thinking and their field as they interrogate its uses, limits, and reinventions. Organized as a set of questions over definition, everyday life, critical intervention, and political activism, the Handbook takes on a broad set of issues and points of view to consider what feminism is today and what current forces shape its future development. It also includes an extended conversation among major feminist thinkers about the future of feminist scholarship and activism. The scholars gathered here address a wide variety of topics and contexts: activism from post-Soviet collectives to the Arab spring, to the #MeToo movement, sexual harassment, feminist art, film and digital culture, education, technology, policy, sexual practices, and gender identity. Indispensable for scholars and undergraduate and postgraduate students in women, gender, and sexuality, the collection offers a multidimensional picture of the diversity and utility of feminist thought in an age of multiple uncertainties.

From its insistence that Japan should favour diplomatic normalization with the Republic of China over the People’s Republic of China in 1952, through its role, via the Security Treaty, of keeping the ‘cap in the bottle’ of Japanese militarism, to weighing in on the Diaoyu/Senkaku islands dispute between China and Japan, the United States has played a pivotal, and at times controversial, role in the development of China-Japan relations since the end of World War II. By extension, US influence.

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