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Twenty compounds were isolated from the aerial parts of Salvia willeana (Holmboe) Hedge, growing wild in Cyprus. These compounds comprise one new and one known acetophenone, one megastigmane glucoside, five phenolic derivatives, two caffeic acid oligomers, three flavonoids, two lignans, two triterpene acids, one monoterpene glucoside, and two fatty acids. The structures of the isolated compounds were established by means of NMR [(Rotating-frame OverhauserEffect SpectroscopY) (1H-1H-COSY (COrrelation SpectroscopΥ), 1H-13C-HSQC (Heteronuclear Single Quantum Correlation), HMBC (Heteronuclear Multiple Bond Correlation), NOESY (Nuclear Overhauser Effect SpectroscopY), ROESY (Rotating-frame Overhauser Effect SpectroscopY)] and MS spectral analyses. This is the first report of the natural occurrence of 4-hydroxy-acetophenone 4-O-(3,5-dimethoxy-4-hydroxybenzoyl)-β-d-glucopyranoside. A chemical review on the non-volatile secondary metabolites has been carried out. Based on the literature data, the analysis revealed that the chemical profile of S. willeana is close to that of S. officinalis L.

Spodoptera litura Fabricius (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is one of the most destructive pests of various crops cultivated in Thailand. Spodoptera litura larvae, at early stages, attack the leaves and feed on every part of infested crops in later stages. Acorus calamus essential oil contains toxic asarones, which are generalistic cytotoxic compounds. However, the present study is the first attempt to look at safer metabolites from the rhizomes that could deter insect feeding. The objective was to use such compounds as safer residues on crops that would prevent the feeding of herbivorous lepidopterans. Accordingly, phenolic metabolites were isolated and evaluated to establish the feeding deterrence against polyphagous S. litura larvae. Methanol extract of A. calamus, chrysin, and 4-hydroxy acetophenone compounds were the most effective feeding deterrents with FD50 of 87.18, 10.33, and 70.77 µg/cm2, respectively, after 4 h of feeding on treated kale leaves in a no-choice leaf disc assay. Chrysin also reduced carboxylesterase activities (1.37-fold), whereas A. calamus methanol extract reduced glutathione-S-transferase activities (1.44-fold). Some larvae were also seen dead if they consumed the treated kale leaves. Feeding deterrent activity in the methanol extract of A. calamus was due to chrysin and 4-hydroxy acetophenone. The large-scale utilization of such compounds could help develop feeding deterrent strategies in the integrated pest management of lepidopterans. Graphical Abstract