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ObjectivesThe aim of this review is to examine and quantify the association between bruxism and temporomandibular joint disorders in a systematic review and meta-analysis.MethodsElectronic searches were performed in PubMed/Medline, Embase, Cochrane, Wiley, ProQuest, Web of Science, and Scopus databases for articles published up to March 2022. Two independent reviewers assessed the quality of the studies using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. A random-effects model was used to estimate the pooled odds ratio (OR) and its corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI) for each study.ResultsThe search retrieved 1651 studies, and 20 studies were eligible for meta-analysis. The results of the study showed that there is a significant relationship between bruxism and TMD, with the presence of bruxism increasing the odds of TMD by 2.25 times (OR = 2.25, 95% CI (1.94–2.56)). Based on the type of bruxism, awake bruxism was found to increase the odds of TMD by 2.51 times (OR = 2.51, 95% CI: (2.02–2.99)), while sleep bruxism increased the odds of TMD by 2.06 times (OR = 2.06, 95% CI: (1.82–2.30)). Analysis of the results from studies that reported both types of bruxism showed that bruxism increases the odds of TMD by 2.17 times (OR = 2.17, 95% CI: (2.30–3.05)).ConclusionThe available data demonstrate a positive relationship between bruxism and TMD, with the presence of bruxism increasing the likelihood of developing TMD in the future.

As tooth loss is the high end of periodontal problems and edentulous individuals are at higher risk of nutritional problems like obesity, understanding the association between tooth loss and hypertension is important for improving cardiovascular health. We searched for publications from the last two decades using three electronic databases (PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus) and conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis on the association between tooth loss and hypertension according to PRISMA-P guidelines. Quality assessments were performed using the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale and the GRADE approach. Twenty-four studies (20 cross-sectional, and 4 cohort) met the inclusion criteria for this review. Most cross-sectional studies showed that subjects with more tooth loss exhibited a greater proportion of hypertension and higher systolic blood pressure than those with less tooth loss. Meta-analyses revealed a statistically significant association between tooth loss and hypertension. The pooled odds ratios of hypertension for having tooth loss with no tooth loss and for edentulous with dentate were 2.22 (95% CI 2.00–2.45) and 4.94 (95% CI 4.04–6.05), respectively. In cohort studies, subjects with more tooth loss had a greater incidence of hypertension than those with less tooth loss during the follow-up period. The present systematic review and meta-analysis suggests that tooth loss is associated with an increased risk of hypertension and higher systolic blood pressure.

This study examined the relationship between uncontrolled diabetes and periodontal disease (PD) among adults in the United States. We used data from the 2009–2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) with a sample of 6108 adults ages 30 and over. To measure PD status, we used the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/American Academy of Periodontology’s standards. To classify DM status (no DM, DM with HbA 1c  < 9%, diabetes with HbA 1c  ≥ 9%),we used self-reported Diabetes Mellitus (DM) diagnosis and laboratory report of HbA 1c . Approximately 8.5% of the sample had controlled DM, and 1.7% had uncontrolled DM, for a total of 10.2% DM in the analysis. Multivariate logistic regression showed that compared to those without DM, PD was significantly increased with controlled DM (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 1.32, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.01–1.73, p < 0.05) and even more with uncontrolled DM (aOR = 2.48, 95% CI 1.52–4.04, p < 0.001), after adjusting for covariates. Factors that reduced the prevalence of PD included annual dental visits, female gender, and college education. Factors that significantly increased PD prevalence were cigarette smoking, non-white race, income < 200% Federal Poverty Level, and older age (age > 50 years). In conclusion, uncontrolled DM was significantly associated with higher odds of PD among adults in the US.

Key Points Summarises the benefits of a health-promoting oral microbiome for oral and general health. Provides an overview of coevolution between humans and oral microbes. Reviews factors associated with dysbiosis and implications for caries and periodontal disease. Highlights existing strategies to preserve a balanced oral microbiome for practitioners and patients to follow. For millions of years, our resident microbes have coevolved and coexisted with us in a mostly harmonious symbiotic relationship. We are not distinct entities from our microbiome, but together we form a 'superorganism' or holobiont, with the microbiome playing a significant role in our physiology and health. The mouth houses the second most diverse microbial community in the body, harbouring over 700 species of bacteria that colonise the hard surfaces of teeth and the soft tissues of the oral mucosa. Through recent advances in technology, we have started to unravel the complexities of the oral microbiome and gained new insights into its role during both health and disease. Perturbations of the oral microbiome through modern-day lifestyles can have detrimental consequences for our general and oral health. In dysbiosis, the finely-tuned equilibrium of the oral ecosystem is disrupted, allowing disease-promoting bacteria to manifest and cause conditions such as caries, gingivitis and periodontitis. For practitioners and patients alike, promoting a balanced microbiome is therefore important to effectively maintain or restore oral health. This article aims to give an update on our current knowledge of the oral microbiome in health and disease and to discuss implications for modern-day oral healthcare.

To investigate the oral health status and awareness of oral hygiene practices among children aged 7–10 years in Ngari, Tibet province, China. A cross-sectional study of first grade children aged 7–10 years, investigated for dental examination from March 2021 to September 2021. The decayed-missing-filled tooth index (DMFT) was used to describe the severity of caries in the first molar. Oral hygiene, occlusion, dentition, and caries were analyzed. Questionnaires were distributed to investigate their oral health awareness, and 698 valid questionnaires were collected. Children’s oral hygiene is poor at this high altitude. The DMFT of the first molar was 0.57 ± 0.924 for males and 0.65 ± 0.924 for females. Additionally, the DMFts were 0.44 ± 0.785, 0.64 ± 0.920, 0.67 ± 0.926, and 0.61 ± 1.055 for aged 7–10, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference between gender and age in first molar caries. The analysis of the results found significant differences ( p  < 0.01) in the oral health status of children aged 8–9 who were poor, with better results in girls. Dentition crowding differed among the different age groups ( p  < 0.05). Importantly, the age of 8 was significant, but no difference in gender was observed. The occlusal relationship had no statistical difference in age and gender. The qualification rate of brushing teeth twice a day was still infrequent: 28.9% brushed less than once, 28.2% once a day, and 42.8% brushed twice daily. Brushing frequency was different ( p  < 0.01) between the age groups. Local children had poor oral hygiene at this high altitude. Therefore, reasonable health education and intervention measures should be taken seriously.

Candidiasis-causing Candida sp. forms biofilms with various oral bacteria in the dentures of the elderly, making it harder to kill and remove the microorganism due to the extracellular polymeric substances. We found that biofilms on dentures can effectively be removed by immersion in an unsaturated fatty acid salt solution. Using optical coherence tomography to observe the progression of biofilm removal by the fatty acid salt solution, we were able to determine that the removal was accompanied by the production of gaps at the interface between the biofilm and denture resin. Furthermore, microstructural electron microscopy observations and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry elucidated the site of action, revealing that localization of the fatty acid salt at the biofilm/denture-resin interface is an important factor.

This research introduces Oral Score Basic (OS-B), a novel Artificial Intelligence (AI) derived methodology designed to provide a comprehensive, objective assessment of individual teeth and overall oral health, initially focused on dental conditions. Leveraging data from more than 340,000 patients across 2,558 U.S. dental practices, OS-B combines radiographic findings and periodontal probing depths with a treatment probability-weighted cost function to quantify the severity of dental conditions. The OS-B score aims to address limitations in prior oral health scoring systems by incorporating nuanced clinical data accounting for disease severity, and providing a scalable, data-driven approach to measuring oral health. This score was developed using Overjet’s FDA-cleared AI platform, which detects dental conditions using bitewing and periapical radiographs, providing a detailed analysis of each tooth. OS-B’s effectiveness was validated by demonstrating a strong correlation between tooth scores and treatment costs, surpassing the predictive power of previous scoring systems. This research presents a foundational framework for AI-enabled oral health scoring, with potential applications in value-based care, population risk analysis, and consumer health management. Future iterations may expand to include additional dimensions of oral health beyond clinical conditions such as risk factors and measures of oral function and esthetics, further enhancing the score’s public health and clinical utility and patient engagement.

Objective The objective was to assess the effectiveness of the theory-based educational intervention tailored to the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) and behavior change techniques (BCTs) on oral hygiene behavior among university students through the oral hygiene behavior index and oral health outcomes. Materials and methods A randomized controlled trial involving university students was conducted from November 2022 to March 2023 ( n  = 71). Participants were randomly assigned to a control group ( n  = 38) or an intervention group ( n  = 33). The control group received conventional dental health education, whereas the intervention group underwent a 21-day TPB-based educational intervention delivered through a three-minute video. Oral hygiene behavior index (OHBI) and oral health outcomes, including caries activity, salivary hemoglobin level, and total bacterial count, were assessed at baseline and three-month post-intervention. Results Statistically significant improvements were seen in the OHBI score between groups and within the intervention group at three-month follow-up, with higher scores indicating better oral hygiene behavior. In addition, caries activity and salivary hemoglobin level were also improved. The total bacterial count in the intervention group did not show any statistically significant difference, even though it was lower than that of the control group. Conclusion This study indicates that theory-based educational intervention tailored to TPB and BCTs improves oral hygiene behavior and certain oral health outcomes. Future studies should examine the long-term effects and generalizability in diverse populations. Trial registration Thailand Clinical Trial TCTR20230105003.

Objective This study aimed to evaluate salivary pH changes after consuming three types of milk in children aged 3–5 years. The null hypothesis was that no statistically significant difference would be noted in the salivary pH between high-protein, full-fat, and sweetened milk groups at different time points. Materials and methods This was a double-blind, pilot randomized controlled crossover trial. 30 Children have undergone three experimental sessions with a 1-week washout period. Each child was given 250 mL of one of the following types of milk: high-protein, full-fat, or sweetened milk. The salivary pH was measured at the baseline (t 0 ) after 5 (t 1 ), 10 (t 2 ), 15 (t 3 ), 30 (t 4 ), and 60 (t 5 ) minutes of milk consumption, using a pH saliva indicator strip. Results There is a sharp drop in salivary pH after 5 min of sweetened ( P  < 0.05) and full-fat milk consumption ( p  < 0.05). However, the initial drop in the salivary pH was found to remain above the critical level. For the high-protein milk group, salivary pH decreased slightly after 5 min but was similar to that at the baseline ( p  = 0.573). In the high-protein milk group ( p  < 0.05), the salivary pH was slightly greater than the baseline value at t 5 . Conclusions The study shows an initial suggestion that milk is a non-cariogenic beverage, even when sugar is added. Furthermore, high-protein milk has a protective effect from dental caries.