Explore the vast range of titles available.

The lipid compositions of the seed oils of some Nigella species were investigated. The total oil content of the seeds ranged from 28.0 to 36.4%. GC-MS fatty acid compositional analysis of the Nigella seed oils revealed the content of linoleic acid to be the highest (40.3-58.9%). Other prominent fatty acids were as follows: oleic (18.7-28.1%), palmitic (10.1-12.5%), 22:1 D11 (3.2-3.8%) and stearic (2.6-3.1%) acids. All the Nigella seed oils analysed exhibited differences in their tocopherol contents. The oils extracted from the seeds contained between 1.70-4.12 mg/100 g alpha-T, 0.97-4.51 mg/100 g gamma-T, and 4.90-17.91 mg/100 g beta-T3. The total tocopherol content in seeds varied between 9.15 mg/100 g to 24.65 mg/100 g. The compositions of the sterol fractions were determined by gas liquid chromatography. The total amounts of sterols ranged between 1,993.07 mg/kg to 2,182.17 mg/kg. The main component was beta-sitosterol (48.35-51.92%), followed by 5-avenasterol, campesterol, and stigmasterol.

In this study, fruits, fruit flesh and seeds of Rosa damascena and Rosa canina were assayed for the composition of fatty acids, ascorbic acid, alpha-tocopherol, beta-carotene, and mineral elements. The concentration of linoleic acid in seed oil of R. damascena (54.18%) was higher than in R. canina (48.84%). Alpha-tocopherol concentrations were found to be 7.10 microg/g and 34.20 microg/g for R. damascena and R. canina fruits, respectively. Ascorbic acid conc. was determined as the highest in the fruit flesh (546 mg/100 g in R. damascena and 2,200 mg/100 g in R. canina), and as the lowest in the seeds of both species. R. damascena fruits were found to be richer in minerals such as Ca, Fe, K, Mn, Na, P, and Zn than R. canina fruits. The results of the present study showed that R. damascena fruits could be used as food and food additive equally as rose hip fruits.

Background: in recent years, market attention has increasingly focused on improving the quality of dairy products. Therefore, animal selection for healthier milk fatty acid composition are therefore of interest. Objective: the aim of this study was to identify whether two polymorphisms (c.878T>C in the SCD gene and g.17924A>G in the FASN gene) are related with the fatty acid composition of milk. Methods: individual milk samples were collected from 50 Chilean Black Friesian cows. Fatty acids (FA) from each milk sample were extracted, analyzed, and quantified (mg FA/g of milk) by gas chromatography. The genotype of each sample was also determined using PCR-RFLP (Polymerase Chain Reaction - Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism). Results: milk from cows with a c.878CC genotype in the SCD gene exhibited a greater content of C14:1, C17:1, C18:1n9t, C18:1n9c, and total monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), as well as a higher 14:1/14 ratio than other SCD genotypes. In addition, considering the importance of the predominant isomer of conjugated linoleic acid for human diet, we identified a higher content of cis-9, trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid in milk samples from animals that had the c.878CC genotype. For the FASN gene, cows with the g.17924GG genotype presented high contents of C14:0, C16:0, C18:0, C18:1n9t, C18:1n9c, and MUFA. Conclusion: therefore, these polymorphisms could be useful genetic markers for studying the fatty acid composition of dairy milk. Antecedentes: nos últimos anos, o mercado fornecedor de laticínios tem-se voltado ao melhoramento da qualidade dos seus produtos. Por conseguinte, é de interesse a seleção de animais que apresentem uma composição de ácidos graxos mais saudáveis no seu leite. Objetivo: o objetivo principal deste estudo foi identificar dois polimorfismos (c.878T>C no gene SCD e g.17924A>G no gene FASN) e sua associação com a composição de ácidos graxos do leite. Métodos: as amostras de leite foram coletadas de 50 vacas Frison Preto Chileno. Os ácidos graxos (FA) de cada amostra de leite foram extraídos, analisados e quantificados (mg FA/g leite) por cromatografia gasosa. O genótipo de cada amostra foi determinado pela reação de PCR-RFLP (Reação em cadeia de polimerase - polimorfismo de comprimento dos fragmentos de restrição). Resultados: os animais com o genótipo c.878CC no gene SCD têm um teor mais elevado de C14:1, C17:1, C18:1n9t, C18:1n9c e do total de ácidos graxos monoinsaturados (AGM), além de níveis mais elevados de 14:1/14 que outros genótipos SCD. Além disto, devido à importância na dieta humana do isômero predominante do ácido linoléico conjugado (CLA), identificou-se um maior teor de cis-9, trans-11 CLA nas amostras de leite de animais que tinham o genótipo c.878CC. Para o gene FASN, as vacas com o genótipo g.17924GG tinham um teor mais elevado de C14:0, C16:0, C18:0, C18:1n9t, C18:1n9c e AGM. Conclusão: estes polimorfismos poderiam ser usados como marcadores genéticos para o estudo da composição de ácidos graxos do leite de vaca. Antecedentes: en los últimos años, la atención del mercado se ha centrado cada vez más en mejorar la calidad los productos lácteos. Por lo tanto, la selección de animales con una composición de ácidos grasos de leche más saludable es de interés. Objetivo: el principal objetivo de este estudio fue identificar dos polimorfismos (c.878T>C en el gen SCD y g.17924A>G en el gen FASN) y su relación con la composición de ácidos grasos de leche. Métodos: muestras individuales de leche fueron recolectadas de 50 vacas Frison Negro Chileno. Los ácidos grasos (FA) de cada muestra de leche fueron extraídos, analizados y cuantificados (mg FA/g leche) por cromatografía de gases. El genotipo de cada muestra se determinó mediante la técnica PCR-RFLP (reacción en cadena de la polimerasa - polimorfismo de longitud de fragmentos de restricción). Resultados: los animales con el genotipo c.878CC en el gen SCD presentaron un mayor contenido de C14:1, C17:1, C18:1n9t, C18:1n9c y total de ácidos grasos monoinsaturados (MUFA), así como elevados índices de 14:1/14 que otros genotipos SCD. Además, debido a la importancia en la dieta humana del isómero predominante de ácido linoleico conjugado (CLA), hemos identificado un mayor contenido de cis-9, trans-11 CLA en muestras de leche de animales que poseen el genotipo c.878CC. Para el gen FASN, vacas con el genotipo g.17924GG presentaron un mayor contenido de C14:0, C16:0, C18:0, C18:1n9t, C18:1n9c y contenido total de ácidos grasos monoinsaturados (MUFA). Conclusión: por lo tanto, estos polimorfismos podrían servir como marcadores genéticos para el estudio de la composición de ácidos grasos en la leche de vaca.

Walnuts of five cultivars (Sampion, Jupiter, Sejnovo, Elit, and Geisenheim 139) of Juglans regia were collected during the 2008 harvest in Cacak, Central Serbia. Two techniques of oil extraction were implemented - cold pressing and organic solvent extraction. The influence of the implemented methods on the fatty acid composition, tocopherol level as well as oxidative stability was examined. Predominant fatty acids were palmitic, oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids. The oleic acid concentration ranged from 15.9_23.7% of the total fatty acids, while the linoleic acid concentration ranged from 57.2-65.1% and that of linolenic acid from 9.1-13.6%. The process of oil extraction had no significant effect on the concentration and composition of fatty acids in the oil. The total concentration of tocopherols ranged from 28.40 mg/100 g to 42.40 mg/100 g of the extracted oil. The most common tocopherol in all samples was gamma-tocopherol. The oil extracted using the Soxhlet method contained higher amounts of total tocopherols while the stability of the oil samples (expressed as induction period) ranged from 5.0 h to 7.1 hours. Reduced stability of the oil samples as measured by the Rancimat method was negatively correlated with the level of linolenic acid and total content of tocopherols.

Background. Patients with Crohn's disease may have periods of remission, interrupted by relapses. Because fish oil has antiinflammatory actions, it could reduce the frequency of relapses, but it is often poorly tolerated because of its unpleasant taste and gastrointestinal side effects. Methods. We performed a one-year, double-blind, placebo-controlled study to investigate the effects of a new fish-oil preparation in the maintenance of remission in 78 patients with Crohn's disease who had a high risk of relapse. The patients received either nine fish-oil capsules containing a total of 2.7 g of n-3 fatty acids or nine placebo capsules daily. A special coating protected the capsules against gastric acidity for at least 30 minutes. Results. Among the 39 patients in the fish-oil group, 11 (28 percent) had relapses, 4 dropped out because of diarrhea, and 1 withdrew for other reasons. In contrast, among the 39 patients in the placebo group, 27 (69 percent) had relapses, 1 dropped out because of diarrhea, and 1 withdrew for other reasons (difference in relapse rate, 41 percentage points; 95 percent confidence interval, 21 to 61; P 0.001). After one year, 23 patients (59 percent) in the fish-oil group remained in remission, as compared with 10 (26 percent) in the placebo group (P

Jasmonic acid and its precursors are potent regulatory molecules in plants. We devised a method for the simultaneous extraction of these compounds from plant leaves to quantitate changes in the levels of jasmonate family members during health and on wounding. During our study, we identified a novel 16-carbon cyclopentenoic acid in leaf extracts from Arabidopsis and potato. The new compound, a member of the jasmonate family of signals, was named dinor-oxo-phytodienoic acid. Dinor-oxo-phytodienoic acid was not detected in the Arabidopsis mutant fad5, which is incapable of synthesizing 7Z,10Z,13Z-hexadecatrienoic acid (16:3), suggesting that the metabolite is derived directly from plastid 16:3 rather than by beta-oxidation of the 18-carbon 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid. Simultaneous quantitation of jasmonate family members in healthy leaves of Arabidopsis and potato suggest that different plant species have different relative levels of jasmonic acid, oxo- phytodienoic acid, and dinor-oxo-phytodienoic acid. We term these profiles \"oxylipin signatures.\" Dinor-oxo-phytodienoic acid levels increased dramatically in Arabidopsis and potato leaves on wounding, suggesting roles in wound signaling. Treatment of Arabidopsis with micromolar levels of dinor-oxo-phytodienoic acid increased the ability of leaf extracts to transform linoleic acid into the alpha-ketol 13-hydroxy-12-oxo-9(Z) octadecenoic acid indicating that the compound can regulate part of its own biosynthetic pathway. Tightly regulated changes in the relative levels of biologically active jasmonates may permit sensitive control over metabolic, developmental, and defensive processes in plants

The stability of olive and sunflower oils for domestic uses after frying cow steak or only heating were evaluated in the presence or absence of the carvacrol-rich essential oil of Thymbra capitata. The treatments consisted of sunflower and olive oils either enriched with 200 mg/l of T. capitata oil or without it, heating at 180 deg C for 20 min, or frying 100 g cow steak at the same temperature and for the same period of time. In all assays, acid, peroxide, and p-anisidine values were followed over time. The fatty acid profile was estimated before heating or frying as well as at the end of the experiment. The results showed that the type of fat as well as the type of treatment (frying or heating) was determinant for the acid, peroxide, and p-anisidine values found. The presence of the essential oil also demonstrated to affect those values depending on the type of the oil as well as on the type of the treatment (frying or heating). In contrast, the fatty acid profile did not change greatly.

Chemical composition and fatty acid profile of fillets from farmed and wild common carp were assessed in the course of four seasons. Ten wild and ten farmed fish were collected in the middle month of each season (except summer due to unavailability of wild fish) during the year. Protein and lipid concentrations in the samples decreased from summer to spring as follows: protein conc.: from 17.6+/-0.3% to 15.9+/-1.6% (farmed fish) and from 18.2+/-0.1% to 17.9+/-1.4% (wild fish); lipid conc.: from 5.1+/-0.2% to 1.5+/-0.5% (farmed fish) and from 3.8+/-0.6% to 2.8+/-0.9% (wild fish), moisture conc. of both samples increased in this period as follows: from 76.7+/-1.4% to 81.4+/-0.4% (farmed fish) and from 75.5+/-0.6% to 78.5+/-0.2% (wild fish). Protein conc. of wild carp fillet was higher and moisture conc. was lower than those of the farmed counterparts (17.7+/-0.8% vs. 16.2+/-1.2% and 77.65+/-0.6 vs. 79.3+/-0.1, resp., P less than 0.05). In all seasons, MUFA were higher than SFA and PUFA. In the wild carp fillet, PUFA was higher than SFA in winter and spring but in the farmed carp it was higher in all seasons except the spring. Palmitic, oleic, and DHA were the major fatty acids in the wild carp fillet, resp. In the farmed carp fillet, the major SFA and MUFA were similar to those in the wild one but linoleic acid was the major PUFA in all seasons. Omega-3/omega-6 PUFA ratios in the wild carp fillet were higher than in the farmed counterparts.

The activation of defense genes in tomato plants has been shown to be mediated by an octadecanoic acid-based signaling pathway in response to herbivore attack or other mechanical wounding. We report here that a tomato mutant (JL5) deficient in the activation of wound-inducible defense genes is also compromised in resistance toward the lepidopteran predator Manduca sexta (tobacco hornworm). Thus, we propose the name defenseless1 (def1) for the mutation in the JL5 line that mediates this altered defense response. In experiments designed to define the normal function of DEF1, we found that def1 plants are detective in defense gene signaling initiated by prosystemin overexpression in transgenic plants as well as by oligosaccharide (chitosan and polygalacturonide) and polypeptide (systemin) elicitors. Supplementation of plants through their cut stems with intermediates of the octadecanoid pathway indicates that def1 plants are affected in octadecanoid metabolism between the synthesis of hydroperoxylinolenic acid and 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid. Consistent with this defect, def1 plants are also compromised in their ability to accumulate jasmonic acid, the end product of the pathway, in response to wounding and the aforementioned elicitors. Taken together, these results show that octadecanoid metabolism plays an essential role in the transduction of upstream wound signals to the activation of antiherbivore plant defenses

The compositions and concentrations of lipid classes, fatty acids and tocopherols were determined in the lipids from Spirulina platensis. Total lipids (TL) recovered using chloroform : methanol (2:1, v/v) were found to be 163.5 g/kg (on dry weight basis). The level of neutral lipids was the highest, followed by glycolipids and phospholipids, respectively. Among TL and lipid classes, palmitic, gamma-linolenic and linoleic acids were the dominating fatty acids. Compared with the neutral lipids, the polar fractions were generally characterised by higher percentages of saturated fatty acids. The recovered lipids were characterised by high percentage of tocopherols, wherein alpha-tocopherol constituted about 73% of total tocopherols present, the rest having been gamma-tocopherol. Spirulina platensis lipids exhibited a strong radical scavenging activity towards stable DPPH free radicals, whereas 27% of DPPH radicals were quenched after 2 h incubation. TL and lipid classes inhibited the growth of different microorganisms except gram-negative bacteria. At high concentrations, the tested lipids appeared more effective against A. niger (28.3+/-1.53 mm).