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"AGRICULTURAL EMPLOYMENT"
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Strike! : the farm workers' fight for their rights
A history of Cesar Chavez and the farm workers movement.
Book
Labor and the locavore
In the blizzard of attention around the virtues of local food production, food writers and activists place environmental protection, animal welfare, and saving small farms at the forefront of their attention. Yet amid this turn to wholesome and responsible food choices, the lives and working conditions of farmworkers are often an afterthought. Labor and the Locavore focuses on one of the most vibrant local food economies in the country, the Hudson Valley that supplies New York restaurants and farmers markets. Based on more than a decade’s in-depth interviews with workers, farmers, and others, Gray’s examination clearly shows how the currency of agrarian values serves to mask the labor concerns of an already hidden workforce. She also explores the historical roots of farmworkers’ predicaments and examines the ethnic shift from Black to Latino workers. With an analysis that can be applied to local food concerns around the country, this book challenges the reader to consider how the mentality of the alternative food movements implies a comprehensive food ethic that addresses workers’ concerns.
eBook
Disrupting deportability : transnational workers organize
\"Explores the effects of deportability--a social condition characterized by the possibility of removal--on the exercise of labor rights amongst temporary migrant workers--primarily Mexican nationals engaged in Canada's model Seasonal Agricultural Worker Program (SAWP)--struggling to organize, bargain collectively and sustain bargaining units\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
The Human Side of Structural Transformation
We document that nearly half of the global decline in agricultural employment was driven by new cohorts entering the labor market. A new dataset of policy reforms supports an interpretation of these cohort effects as human capital. Using a model of frictional labor reallocation, we conclude that human capital growth led to a sharp decline in the agricultural labor supply, accounting, at fixed prices, for 40 percent of the decrease in agricultural employment. This aggregate effect is halved in general equilibrium and it reflects the role of human capital as both a mediating factor and an independent driver of labor reallocation.
Journal Article
Sidestepping the heat waves and cold snaps: how does extreme climate influence agricultural labor reallocation in China
PurposeIn the process of making agricultural production decisions in rural households, severe weather conditions, either extreme cold or heat, may squeeze the labor input in the agricultural sector, leading to a reallocation of labor between the agricultural and non-agricultural sectors. By applying a dataset with a wide latitude range, this study empirically confirms the influence of extreme temperatures on the agricultural labor reallocation, reveal the mechanism of farmers’ adaptive behavioral decision and therefore enriches the research on the impact of climate change on rural labor markets and livelihood strategies.Design/methodology/approachThis study utilizes data from Chinese meteorological stations and two waves of China Household Income Project to examine the impact and behavioral mechanism of extreme temperatures on rural labor reallocation.Findings(1) Extremely high and low temperatures had led to a reallocation of labor force from agricultural activities to non-farm employment, with a more pronounced effect from extreme high temperature events. (2) Extreme temperatures influence famers’ decision in abandoning farmland and reducing investment in agricultural machinery, thus creating an interconnected impact on labor mobility. (3) The reallocation effect of rural labor induced by extreme temperatures is particularly evident for males, persons that perceives economic hardship or labor in economically active areas.Originality/valueBy applying a dataset with a wide latitude range, this study empirically confirms the influence of extreme temperatures on the agricultural labor reallocation, and reveals the mechanism of farmers’ adaptive behavioral decision and therefore enriches the research on the impact of climate change on rural labor markets and livelihood strategies.
Journal Article
Enhancing Chinese Farmers’ Livelihoods: The Role of Non-Agricultural Employment and Social Capital
We conducted a comprehensive analysis of the impact of social capital (SC) and off-farm employment on the livelihoods of Chinese farmers. The objective was to dissect the intricate dynamics between livelihood capital, strategy, and income, shedding light on the vulnerability index of farmers' livelihoods. This attempt hinges on examining 2018 micro-cross-sectional data obtained from the China Family Panel Studies (CFPS) as a delegate sample, allowing for a contemporary and robust analysis. A distinctive facet of our study lies in its innovative approach that harnesses Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) and Propensity Score Matching (PSM) regression models to assess the impact of non-agricultural employment (NAE) and SC on the risk of farmers' livelihoods becoming unstable. NAE emerges as a potent factor in diminishing the vulnerability of livelihoods, but regional disparities manifest prominently. The eastern region is the most transformative, dwarfing the central and western regions in livelihood security enhancement. Intriguingly, SC emerges as a linchpin in bolstering the resilience of livelihoods. It directly mitigates vulnerability while concurrently acting as a catalyst for NAE opportunities. This dual-pronged role underscores the pivotal significance of SC networks in farmers' livelihood strategies.
Journal Article
The impact of the digital economy on land transfer-out decisions among Chinese farmers: evidence from CHFS micro-data
Land transfer is essential for advancing moderate-scale agriculture, and the digital economy plays a key role in facilitating these transfers. Based on microdata from four rounds of the China Household Finance Survey spanning from 2013 to 2019, this study employs a Linear Probability Model (LPM) to examine the impact of digital economy on rural land transfer-out decisions. The results indicate that: (1) The development of the digital economy significantly increases the likelihood of rural households transferring land out. Specifically, for each unit increase in the digital economy index, the probability of a household transferring land out increases by 3.39%. These conclusions remain robust even after accounting for endogeneity and conducting robustness checks. (2) The digital economy facilitates rural land transfer-out by promoting non-agricultural employment and entrepreneurship among farmers, as well as enhancing online social interactions and information acquisition. (3) There are heterogeneous impacts due to different scales and transferees, variations in physical and human capital, as well as differences in village topographies. This study deepens the understanding of the digital economy's impact on land transfer decision-making and provides relevant policy references for facilitating land transfer and agricultural modernization.
Journal Article
Agricultural Production and Agricultural Employment Rate in South Africa: Time Series Analysis Approach
South Africa's agricultural sector, despite facing high unemployment, is acknowledged for creating job opportunities. However, there is concern that the sector's adoption of technology-intensive methods may not necessarily lead to increased employment. The study aims to analyze the intricate relationship between agricultural output and employment in South Africa using time series analysis. This research employed a Vector Autoregressive (VAR) model to evaluate the link between agricultural production and the rate of agricultural employment in South Africa spanning from 1990 to 2022. The findings indicate that both variables passed levels and became stationarity at the first difference when employing ADF, and a long-term equilibrium relationship between the variables was observed using Johansen cointegration test. Over the short term, there was a significant positive correlation among agricultural production and the agricultural employment rate evidenced from ECT coefficient of 0.139 value. The results of the Granger causality tests indicated unidirectional relationship that agricultural employment Granger-causes agricultural production, signifying that agricultural employment can be used to predict the growth of agricultural production. Study recommended that policies which promote injection of funds to improve production in the agriculture sector needs to be prioritized to maintain and improve employment opportunities.
Journal Article
Drought and regional labour markets: evidence from Australia
We apply the synthetic control method (SCM) to evaluate the impact of the 2017–2020 New South Wales drought, one of the most severe in Australia’s recorded history, on regional agricultural labour markets. Using 25 years of quarterly employment data, we construct region-specific counterfactuals for 14 non-metropolitan Statistical Area Level 4 (SA4) regions. Most regions exhibit limited long-term effects on agricultural employment. However, the Hunter Valley region experienced a sharp and persistent decline in agricultural employment, with levels up to 75% below those of its synthetic control and no sign of recovery years after the drought ended. This divergence reflects a place-specific adjustment path in which drought disruptions were compounded by subsequent climatic and market shocks, including bushfires, flooding and trade disruptions, resulting in persistent labour-market effects rather than a transitory response. Complementary evidence on the employment structure indicates widespread short-term shifts from full-time to part-time agricultural work, suggesting that drought impacts affect not only employment levels but also job quality and income stability. By providing a within-country, multi-region application of SCM to drought impacts on labour markets, the study contributes to understanding regional economic resilience and demonstrates the value of spatially disaggregated causal methods for identifying persistent vulnerability and informing targeted adaptation strategies.
Journal Article
Internet use and rural residents' income growth
PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine the direct effects of Internet use on rural residents' income growth and the indirect effects of increasing their income by promoting rural residents' entrepreneurial and non-agricultural employment.Design/methodology/approachRegarding the implementation of the rural revitalization strategy, based on the 2016CFPS data, multiple linear regression analysis and mediation effect analysis are used. To decrease the potential endogeneity of the model, we used the instrumental variable in the model.FindingsThe results show that: (1) Internet use has a direct effect on rural residents' income growth; (2) rural residents' entrepreneurial or non-agricultural employment affects the mechanism of Internet use and their income growth, so that can perform an indirect promotion effect; (3) the direct promotion effect of Internet use is stronger than the indirect promotion effect of entrepreneurship and non-agricultural employment.Originality/valueThe effect of using Internet for the income growth of Chinese farmers has been confirmed by some scholars, but the specific mechanism is still relatively vague. The originality is to consider the intermediary transmission effect of entrepreneurship and non-agricultural employment in the study of the impact of Internet use on Chinese farmers' income growth, and use the mediation effect model for empirical analysis. The empirical research results further reveal this mechanism.
Journal Article