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Corn : a global history
\"Originating in Mesoamerica 9,000 years ago, maize - or, as we know it, corn - now grows in 160 countries. In the New World, indigenous peoples referred to corn as \"Our Mother,\" \"Our Life,\" and \"She Who Sustains Us.\" Today, the United States is the world's leading producer of corn, and you can find more than 3,500 items in grocery stores that contain corn in one way or another - from puddings to soups, margarine to mayonnaise. In Corn: A Global History, Michael Owen Jones explores the origins of this humble but irreplaceable crop.\"--Back cover.
Book
Depreciation methods for agricultural tractors and risk modeling: application of the Monte Carlo method
This study analyzed the performance of five depreciation methods (straight-line, exponential depreciation method, sum-of-the-years’-digits, inverse sum-of-the-years’-digits, and sinking fund) applied to three models of agricultural tractors over a ten-year horizon. Additionally, a risk analysis was conducted using the Monte Carlo method, considering acquisition cost, residual value, and the asset’s useful life as input variables. The methods revealed different depreciation scenarios over the machinery’s useful life. The exponential depreciation method and sum-of-the-years’-digits methods showed more pronounced depreciation costs in the early years, while the sinking fund and inverse sum-of-the-years’-digits methods yielded higher depreciation values toward the end of the equipment’s useful life. Given the steeper depreciation in the initial phase, the exponential depreciation method and sum-of-the-years’-digits methods more accurately represented the annual losses due to depreciation. The acquisition cost demonstrated a positive and significant correlation with depreciation costs, unlike the residual value and useful life, which showed a negative and weak correlation. The risk analysis was conducted based on the exponential depreciation method depreciation for year 1 and the tractor model B. The analysis showed that, considering a ±10% variation in acquisition cost and residual value of the tractor, and a 10% increase in its useful life, more than 34% of the exponential depreciation values obtained through risk modeling exceeded the value calculated for year 1 (USD 6,816.51), characterizing an economic risk.
Journal Article
Coupled dynamics in soil : experimental and numerical studies of energy, momentum and mass transfer
In arid and semi-arid areas, the main contributions to land surface processes are precipitation, surface evaporation and surface energy balancing. In the close-to-surface layer and root-zone layer, vapor flux is the dominant flux controlling these processes - process which, in turn, influence the local climate pattern and the local ecosystem. The work reported in this thesis attempts to understand how the soil airflow affects the vapor transport during evaporation processes, by using a two-phase heat and mass transfer model. The necessity of including the airflow mechanism in land surface process studies is discussed and highlighted.
Book
Anthocyanins: impact of extraction, encapsulation, and emulsification methods - a literature review
The article examined the impact of extraction, encapsulation, and emulsification methods on anthocyanin stability, with an emphasis on those extracted from juçara (Euterpe edulis). Anthocyanins, natural pigments that impart varied coloration to fruits and vegetables, possess antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cardioprotective properties, offering health benefits. However, these molecules are sensitive to factors such as pH, light, temperature, and oxygen, compromising their stability and limiting their effectiveness in foods. Juçara stands out as a rich source of anthocyanins, particularly cyanidin-3-glucoside, with higher antioxidant concentration compared to fruits like blueberries and grapes, enhancing its potential as a natural colorant. The study evaluated the extraction and encapsulation methods to stabilize anthocyanins, focusing on the double emulsion technique, which provided protection against degrading agents and enables controlled release. The analysis details the efficacy and challenges of these methods, supporting the application of anthocyanins as natural colorants and antioxidants in functional foods. Results highlighted the advantages of the double emulsion technique in preserving the bioactive and visual properties of juçara anthocyanins, showing promise for the food industry.
Journal Article
Golden rice : the imperiled birth of a GMO superfood
\"Ordinary white rice is nutrient poor, it consists of carbohydrates and little else. About one million people who subsist on rice become blind or die each year from vitamin A deficiency. Golden rice, which was developed in the hopes of combating that problem by a team of European scientists in the late '90s, was genetically modified to provide an essential nutrient that white rice lacks: beta carotene, which is converted into vitamin A in the body. But twenty years later, this potentially sight- and lifesaving miracle food still has not reached the populations most in need, and tens of millions of people in India, China, Bangladesh, and throughout South and Southeast Asia have gone blind or have died waiting. Supporters claim that the twenty-year delay in Golden Rice's introduction is an unconscionable crime against humanity. Critics have countered that the rice is a \"hoax\", that it is \"food's gold\" and \"propaganda for the genetic engineering industry\". Here, science writer Ed Regis argues that Golden Rice is the world's most controversial, maligned, and misunderstood GMO. Regis tells the story of how the development, growth, and distribution of Golden Rice was delayed and repeatedly derailed by a complex but outdated set of operational guidelines and regulations imposed by governments, and sabotaged by anti-GMO activists in the very nations where the rice is most needed. Regis separates hyperbole from facts, overturning the myths, distortions, and urban legends about this uniquely promising superfood. Anyone interested in GMOs, social justice, or world hunger will find \"Golden rice\" a compelling, sad, and maddening true-life science tale.\" -- Provided by publisher
Book
Tumor necrosis factor-α production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells after in vitro Escherichia coli challenge in early- vs. mid-lactation dairy cows
In this research communications, we characterized the in vitro production curve of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) challenged with Escherichia coli obtained from multiparous dairy cows in early lactation (EL, 14 ± 4 days in milk) vs. mid-lactation (ML, 123 ± 31 days in milk). We also investigated the impact of the type of serum (autologous vs. bovine fetal) used in cell culture on the TNF-α response. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated from EL (n = 7) and ML (n = 9) dairy cows. When PBMC were cocultured in autologous serum and challenged with E. coli, the supernatant TNF-α concentration was higher in the EL group than in the ML group (least-squares means [LSM], was 0.29 ± 0.1 vs. 0.24 ± 0.1 ng/mL, P = 0.004). In contrast, when PBMC were cocultured with bovine fetal serum, the lactation stage was not associated with the supernatant TNF-α concentration (P = 0.63). Our findings indicate that both the lactation stage and the serum environment used in cocultures are associated with TNF-α production in PBMC.
Journal Article
The devil's element : phosphorus and a world out of balance
The story of phosphorus spans the globe and vast tracts of human history. The race to mine phosphorus took people from the battlefields of Waterloo, which were looted for the bones of fallen soldiers, to the fabled guano islands off Peru, the Bone Valley of Florida, and the sand dunes of the Western Sahara. Over the past century, phosphorus has made farming vastly more productive, feeding the enormous increase in the human population. Yet, as the author harrowingly reports, our overreliance on this vital crop nutrient is causing toxic algae blooms and \"dead zones\" in waterways from the coasts of Florida to the Mississippi River basin to the Great Lakes and beyond. This book also explores the alarming reality that diminishing access to phosphorus poses a threat to the food system worldwide--which risks rising conflict and even war. -- Adapted from publisher's description.
Book
Pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics study of different doses of tramadol in goats (Capra hircus) for the control of post-surgical pain
We compared the analgesic efficacy and pharmacokinetics of 2 and 4 mg·kg-1 tramadol in goats undergoing surgical castration. Twenty-two adult goats were randomly assigned to three premedication groups: six animals received 2 mg·kg-1 of tramadol, eight received 4 mg·kg-1, and the control group consisted of eight animals that received 5 mL of saline solution intravenously. Analgesia was evaluated using the Adami pain scale. Rescue analgesia (2 mg·kg-1 ketoprofen) was intravenously administered. Venous blood samples were collected from all groups to determine the drug pharmacokinetics at 0, 5, 15, 30, and 45 minutes, and at 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 16, and 24 h. Analysis of variance was used (P < 0.05) for statistical analyses. Overall, animals treated with tramadol exhibited lower pain scores than those in the control group, indicating that tramadol undergoes rapid metabolization and clearance. Pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic assessments demonstrated that 2 and 4 mg·kg-1 tramadol were effective in relieving pain in goats undergoing castration and should be administered every 6 (half-life = 2.71 ± 0.38 h) and 8 (half-life = 3.75 ± 0.36 h) hours, respectively. These data serve as a basis for further research into analgesic use and provide information on prescribing tramadol in ruminants.
Journal Article
Performance of pineapple cultivars inoculated with Fusarium guttiforme isolates on different substrates
Fusariosis in pineapples causes significant losses to producers. Knowing practices that reduce disease severity is important, as cultivation in Brazil mainly relies on the susceptible cultivar ‘Pérola’. Therefore, this study aimed to analyse the vegetative development and severity of fusariosis in different pineapple cultivars inoculated with Fusarium guttiforme isolates in various substrates. Isolates were collected and inoculated into ‘Pérola’ and ‘BRS Imperial’ cultivars planted in different substrates. Vegetative characteristics and disease severity were assessed. Evaluations were carried out fortnightly over 120 days. A randomised block design was used in a triple factorial arrangement 5 x 2 x 3 (five isolates x two cultivars x three substrates). Data were analysed using Sisvar software. The cultivars showed distinct vegetative development, with ‘Pérola’ being susceptible to all isolates, displaying reduced plant height, leaf D length and width, and number of active leaves. The pineapple leaf D is used to measure plant growth and nutritional status. Isolates 3 and 7 led to the death of several ‘Pérola’ plants. The substrate that favoured the highest disease severity was composed of sand and soil in a 3:1 ratio. The ‘‘BRS Imperial’’ cultivar showed resistance to all isolates and substrates. Finally, pineapple cultivation will develop better in substrates with favourable physico-chemical compositions and proper fertilisation. The ‘BRS Imperial’ cultivar is viable for producers as it is resistant to fusariosis and can withstand abiotic stress conditions.
Journal Article
Dexmedetomidine and atipamezole on renal blood perfusion in dogs assessed by doppler flowmetry and urinalysis
This study compared the intramuscular administration of 2.5 or 5 µg/kg of dexmedetomidine and subsequent reversal with atipamezole in domestic dogs, assessing the impact on renal function using Doppler ultrasound, urinalysis, and evaluation of cardiorespiratory and sedative effects. Twenty animals had their baseline measurements recorded (T0) and received 2.5 or 5 µg/kg of dexmedetomidine (G2.5 and G5, respectively). After 20 minutes, T1 was recorded, and atipamezole (25 or 50 µg/kg) was administered, and measurements were repeated 10 minutes later, T2 was recorded. Renal vascular flow was assessed by Doppler ultrasound using the semi-quantitative measurement of pulsatility (PI) and resistivity (RI) indices of the left kidney. Heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), systolic blood pressure (SBP), capillary refill time (CRT), rectal temperature, and sedation score (GRINT et al., 2009) were also recorded. Urine samples were collected at T0 and 6 hours after dexmedetomidine administration. HR decreased significantly at T1 and T2 compared with T0 in G2.5 (27.8% and 27.0%, respectively) and G5 (41.1% and 31.2%, respectively). G5 CRT (seconds) increased significantly at T1 compared with T0 (1.8 ± 0.63 vs. 1.4 ± 0.52). RI and PI at T1 were significantly higher in G5 compared with G2.5, but at T2, both values returned to T0 levels. Urinalysis results showed no statistically significant differences. Both doses induced cardiorespiratory changes, with greater effects observed in G5, as demonstrated by Doppler ultrasound. Atipamezole effectively restored RI and PI to baseline values.
Journal Article