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"AID INSTITUTIONS"
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A 'post-aid world'? Paradigm shift in foreign aid and development cooperation at the 2011 Busan High Level Forum
In this paper we suggest that 2011-2012 may mark a paradigm shift in dominant constructions of 'foreign aid' and a substantive shift of power within the architecture of global development governance. We evaluate critically the emergence and central principles of the 'aid effectiveness paradigm' over the last 10-15 years, and the various internal and external pressures that have mounted around it. We then discuss the Fourth High Level Forum on Aid Effectiveness, a global conference which was held in Busan, South Korea in 2011, which we suggest can be seen as a pivot point in the emergence of a new 'development effectiveness' paradigm. Among other things, this elevates the role of the private sector and re-centres economic growth and enhanced productivity to the core of mainstream 'development' thinking. At the same time, the emerging aid architecture aims to enrol more fully the '(re-) emerging' donors and development partners, and is likely to involve more differentiated commitments to global aid targets and renegotiated 'norms'. This paper provides a commentary on the debates, omissions and achievements of the Busan High Level Forum, with the wider aim of providing critical insights into the current state of flux around foreign aid norms, institutions and governance.
Journal Article
Reimagining Legal AID Institution Regulation to Enhance Legal Certainty
Purpose: This research aims to examine the regulations governing the establishment of Legal Aid Institutions (LAIs/LAOs) in Indonesia, with a focus on achieving necessary legal clarity to ensure their effective functioning. Method: This research employs a prescriptive research method, involving the description of primary and secondary data findings related to the regulations governing LAIs/LAOs establishment in Indonesia. The data are processed and analyzed to derive insights into the current legal framework. Result and Discussion: The findings indicate that the existing regulations concerning the establishment of LAIs/LAOs in Indonesia lack clarity, particularly regarding the legal entity status utilized. While foundation status predominates, its alignment with Indonesian legal principles requires further consistency. Therefore, this research underscores the need for more transparent and comprehensive reformulation of these regulations. Implication of the Research: Reforming the regulations governing the establishment of LAIs/LAOs holds significant implications for improving their efficiency and effectiveness. Such reforms can enhance access to justice, protect human rights, and ensure the proper functioning of LAIs/LAOs, thereby contributing to greater legal certainty and benefiting Indonesians in need of legal aid. Originality/Value: This research contributes to the existing literature by providing insights into the regulatory framework surrounding the establishment of LAIs/LAOs in Indonesia. By highlighting the need for reform and recommending clearer regulations, this study offers practical guidance for policymakers and stakeholders involved in legal aid provision, ultimately advancing the efficacy of legal aid services in Indonesia.
Journal Article
Professionalisation Trends and Inequality: experiences and practices in aid relationships
This article explores the role that skills and knowledge play in the relationships between national and international volunteers and staff. Based on biographical interviews with people working for a wide range of aid organisations, the experiences and strategies of individuals and organisations dealing with inequality and diversity are explored. In particular, the paper addresses the question of whether professionalisation processes that can currently be observed in the field of humanitarian aid might contribute to minimising or perpetuating the gap between national and international aid personnel. Professionalisation processes can have positive effects not only for aid recipients, who obtain better services, and for the careers of aid personnel, but also for donors and hiring aid organisations, which benefit from a skilled workforce. However, we need to critically reflect on what kind of knowledge is validated, where it can be obtained and whether credentials guarantee hiring and promotion of qualified staff from all regions.
Journal Article
Are aid agencies improving?
The record of the aid agencies over time seems to indicate weak evidence of progress in response to learning from experience, new knowledge, or changes in political climate. The few positive results are an increased sensitivity to per capita income of the recipient (although it happened long ago), a decline in the share of food aid, and a decline in aid tying. Most of the other evidence - increasing donor fragmentation, unchanged emphasis on technical assistance, little or no sign of increased selectivity with respect to policies and institutions, the adjustment lending-debt relief imbroglio - suggests an unchanged status quo, lack of response to new knowledge, and repetition of past mistakes. Reprinted by permission of Blackwell Publishers
Journal Article
Do donors target aid in line with the millennium development goals? A sector perspective of aid allocation
We analyze the aid portfolio of various bilateral and multilateral donors, testing whether they have prioritized aid in line with the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). Employing Tobit models that combine sectorally disaggregated aid data with various indicators reflecting the situation of recipient countries regarding the MDGs, we show that donors differ in the extent to which their sectoral aid allocation is conducive to achieving major MDGs. Some MDGs, notably the fight against HIV/AIDS, have shaped the allocation of aid. However, with respect to other MDGs such as primary education, there is a considerable gap between donor rhetoric and actual aid allocation. This invites the conclusion that the current focus on substantially increasing aid is unlikely to have the desired effects unless the targeting of aid is improved.
Journal Article
Black Boxes of Bureaucracy: Transparency and Opacity in the Resettlement Process of Congolese Refugees
To qualify for third-country resettlement, refugees must convince aid representatives that they have been individually persecuted and continue to fear such persecution. This article focuses on the official documents Congolese refugees collect as evidence of their persecution to bolster their resettlement claims before their refugee camp in Tanzania closes. To illuminate the creation, collection, and circulation of such documents, I trace one Congolese family's story as it is folded, literally and metaphorically, into an envelope that I hand-delivered to a United Nations High Commission for Refugees (UNHCR) resettlement official. Following this envelope led me to an investigation of the bureaucratic institutions involved, which both produce and then later receive the documents. I argue that the apparent transparency of the resettlement process facilitates and justifies its concomitant opacity.
Journal Article
Can there be mercy without the merciful? A meditation on Martha Nussbaum's questions
Martha Nussbaum raised profound concerns about aid as being conceived out of the self-directed charity of donors and not the expressed concerns of those being aided. Even when the recipients of aid seek to express their concerns, their capabilities may not recognise their own conditions and desirable remedies. This paper agrees that Nussbaum's questions are profound, but argues that even they do not go far enough.
Journal Article
Institutional Mismatch and Chinese Aid in the Philippines: Challenges and Implications
Why is Chinese aid attractive to some recipient countries and controversial in others? This study advances the idea that Chinese aid is more attractive in countries that lack or have weak Development Assistance Committee–based aid institutions. When there is a mismatch between a non-DAC donor and a recipient country's aid regimes, legal and political problems may arise, as the case of Chinese aid to the Philippines in the 2000s demonstrates. As a recipient country, the Philippines is more accustomed to DAC-based rules and practices governing development aid processes, while as a donor country, China's aid institutions evolved outside the DAC club. The controversies that subsequently arose from institutional mismatch created a public perception that Chinese aid was illegal and prone to corruption, undermining China's aid objectives.
Journal Article
Fit for purpose: the role of modern professionalism in evolving the humanitarian endeavour
The humanitarian enterprise has grown in size and complexity over the past generation. Modern systems of scrutiny and accountability demand a higher level of accountability than ever before, both to programme beneficiaries and to donors. This, we believe, puts pressure on the system to become more professional and on aid workers to consider the establishment of a formal profession of humanitarian aid. This article reports on research carried out to test this hypothesis and on an approach that is presently being used to establish the necessary components of a professional system.
Journal Article