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Israel's air-defence system is the world's most extensive missile shield. It's intercepting Iranian missiles which are striking deep inside Israel. How does the system work--and for how much longer can it hold?

The new threats of modern warfare compel the thinking and development of a credible air defense capability based on early warning systems, surface-to-air missiles, fighter aircraft and associated command and control systems. Ground-based air defense, largely neglected in the air campaigns that dominated the last years of military conflicts, where the air threat was quite low, is once again examined by military analysts. The combatants involved in the 2020 Nagorno Karabah conflict are responsible for this.

The article examines the methods of their destruction by air defense systems, taking into account the low-altitude operation of various types of air attack weapons fighter airplane, helicopter, cruise missile, reconnaissance unmanned aerial vehicles and armed unmanned aerial vehicles. For this purpose, taking into account the tactical and technical characteristics of low-altitude air attack weapons, efficiency coefficients were determined using methods of destruction by specially selected anti-aircraft missile systems. To solve the problem S-125 2TM, BUK-MB, BARAK-8, S-300 PMU2, TOR-M2KM, PATRIOT MIM-104, PANSIR S-1, NASAMS-III against low-altitude air attack weapons such as fighter airplane, helicopter, cruise missile, reconnaissance unmanned aerial vehicles and armed unmanned aerial vehicles by applying the method Gomori modified variant of the Simplex method is solved. As a result, it was possible to determine the maximum and minimum number of destroyed low-altitude air targets. Maximum 86 % and minimum 78 % of air targets operating at low altitude of this conventional enemy. These results can be used in optimal planning of the use of air defense systems against air attack systems operating at low altitude during combat operations.

Scientific and reasonable satisfaction evaluation is an excellent way to understand the effects of building (structure) renovation and public satisfaction. This study presents a satisfaction evaluation of civil air defense engineering renovated into cooling place from the perspective of public experience. First, a satisfaction evaluation indicator system was constructed for civil air defense engineering renovated into cooling place from the perspective of public experience, focusing on 5 first-level indicators—location condition, spatial status, physical environment, service management, and emotional experience—and 27 second-level indicators. Second, the matter-element extension and combined weighting method were introduced to establish a satisfaction evaluation model for civil air defense engineering renovated into cooling place from the perspective of public experience. Finally, the rationality of the index system and feasibility of the evaluation model were verified by considering civil air defense cooling centers as examples. This research can provide a basis for the further optimization of such projects and the development and management of cities, as well as new ideas or methods for the satisfaction evaluation of similar old buildings (structures) after renovation.

Aiming at the air defense task requirements for an enemy’s large-scale aircraft attack, this paper presents a plan generation algorithm which can quickly give an interception scheme. The main contribution of this paper is the modification of the standard A* algorithm and its combination of the optimization algorithm and air-defence mission. Firstly, the enemy’s attack weapon and our defense platform are modeled, and kinetic equations and interception efficiency functions are constructed, and the intercepted criterions are established. Then, the interception-cost mixed optimal function is established to clarify the system optimization objective. Secondly, aiming at the characteristics of strong time sensitivity of air defense interception, a modified A* optimization algorithm with fast convergence characteristics is used to solve the optimization problems, the standard A* algorithm is modified and the optimal air defense interception plan under the condition of mixed performance index is given. Finally, the proposed method is verified by numerical simulations.

The cooperative multiple task assignment problem (CMTAP) of heterogeneous fixed-wing unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) performing the Suppression of Enemy Air Defense (SEAD) mission against multiple ground stationary targets is studied in this paper. The CMTAP is a NP-hard combinatorial optimization problem, which faces many challenges like problem scale, heterogeneity of UAVs (different capability and maneuverability), task coupling and task precedence constraints. To address this issue, we proposed a modified genetic algorithm (GA) with multi-type-gene chromosome encoding strategy. Firstly, the multi-type-gene encoding scheme is raised to generate feasible chromosomes that satisfy the UAV capability, task coupling and task precedence constraints. Then, Dubins car model is adopted to calculate the mission execution time (objective function of CMTAP model) of each chromosome, and make each chromosome conform to the UAV maneuverability constraint. To balance the searching ability of algorithm and the diversity of population, we raise the modified crossover operator and multiple mutation operators according to the multi-type-gene chromosome encoding. The simulation results demonstrate that the modified GA has better optimization performance compared with random search method, ant colony optimization method and particle search optimization method.

How to utilize the limited power budget to accurately track more targets plays a critical role for the radar system in air defense applications, especially in the weapon guidance application. In this paper, we propose a robust power allocation (RPA) strategy in the collocated multiple-input and multiple-output (C-MIMO) radar system for multiple target guidance (MTG) under blanket jamming. The optimization model is established with the aim of increasing the number of effective tracking targets (ETTs) and improving the overall tracking accuracy among those targets. Since the mutual information (MI) quantifies the parameter estimation performance and can be predicted, the MI under blanket jamming is derived and utilized as the optimization criterion. We then propose a two-step optimization algorithm based on benefit–cost ratio (BCR) to solve the non-convex problem. Finally, numerical results are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.

Rapid and precise air operation mission planning is a key technology in unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) autonomous combat in battles. In this paper, an end-to-end UAV intelligent mission planning method based on deep reinforcement learning (DRL) is proposed to solve the shortcomings of the traditional intelligent optimization algorithm, such as relying on simple, static, low-dimensional scenarios, and poor scalability. Specifically, the suppression of enemy air defense (SEAD) mission planning is described as a sequential decision-making problem and formalized as a Markov decision process (MDP). Then, the SEAD intelligent planning model based on the proximal policy optimization (PPO) algorithm is established and a general intelligent planning architecture is proposed. Furthermore, three policy training tricks, i.e., domain randomization, maximizing policy entropy, and underlying network parameter sharing, are introduced to improve the learning performance and generalizability of PPO. Experiments results show that the model in this work is efficient and stable, and can be adapted to the unknown continuous high-dimensional environment. It can be concluded that the UAV intelligent mission planning model based on DRL has powerful intelligent planning performance, and provides a new idea for researching UAV autonomy.

UAV swarm is gradually becoming a comprehensive new weapon platform integrating electronic countermeasure, information attack and defense and firepower attack. It has become an important form of future combat, and also gave birth to the rapid development of anti UAV swarm system. Aiming at the problem that UAV is developing rapidly and becoming an important threat in the battlefield, the characteristics of typical UAV swarm system level targets are analyzed. The main means of counteracting UAV swarm, such as air defense missile, anti-aircraft gun / missile gun combination, high-energy laser and high-power microwave, are studied, and the counteraction performance is compared and analyzed. A new air anti UAV interception system based on UAV mounted micro recoil automatic gun is proposed, and the architecture, combat concept and process, key technologies and innovations involved are studied, which provides a technical reference for strengthening the ability of anti UAV system.