Explore the vast range of titles available.

Stable F-T-based catalyst development in direct CO hydrogenation to higher alcohols is still a challenge at present. In this study, CuFe/SiO[sub.2] catalysts with a SiO[sub.2] support treated with a piranha solution were prepared and evaluated in a long-term reaction. The treated catalyst showed higher total alcohols' selectivity and great stability during a reaction of more than 90 h. It was found that the treatment with the piranha solution enriched the surface hydroxyl groups on SiO[sub.2], so that the Cu-Fe active components could be firmly anchored and highly dispersed on the support, resulting in stable catalytic performance. Furthermore, the in situ DRIFTS revealed that the adsorption strength of CO on Cu[sup.+] on the treated catalyst surface was weakened, which made the C-O bond less likely to be cleaved and thus significantly inhibited the formation of hydrocarbon products. Meanwhile, the non-dissociated CO species were obviously enriched on the Cu[sup.0] surface, promoting the formation of alcohol products, and thus the selectivity of total alcohols was increased. This strategy will shed light on the design of supported catalysts with stabilized structures for a wide range of catalytic reactions.

We report an efficient and selective methodology for the direct cross-coupling of alcohols with N-nucleophiles mediated by N-iodosuccinimide (NIS) as the non-metal, commercially available, low-cost, and most effective precatalyst among the N-halosuccinimides (NXSs) under mild reaction conditions enhancing the green chemical profiles of these reactions. The scale-up procedure was accomplished with almost quantitative yield, verifying the presented method's synthetic applicability and potential for industrial application.

Alcohol consumption and alcohol-attributable burden of disease in Africa are expected to rise in the near future, yet. increasing alcohol-related harm receives little attention from policymakers and from the population in general. Even where new legislation is proposed it is rarely enacted into law. Being at the center of social and cultural activities in many countries, alcohol's negative role in society and contribution to countries' burden of disease are rarely questioned. After the momentum created by the adoption in 2010 of the WHO Global Strategy and the WHO Regional Strategy (for Africa) to Reduce the Harmful Use of Alcohol, and the WHO Global Action Plan for the Prevention and Control of Non-Communicable Diseases, in 2013, little seems to have been done to address the increasing use of alcohol, its associated burden and the new challenges that derive from the growing influence of the alcohol industry in Africa. In this review, we argue that to have a positive impact on the health of African populations, action addressing specific features of alcohol policy in the continent is needed, namely focusing on particularities linked to alcohol availability, like unrecorded and illicit production, outlet licensing, the expansion of formal production, marketing initiatives and taxation policies.

Abstract Introduction People with later circadian timing tend to consume more alcohol, potentially due to altered rhythms in when and how much they crave alcohol throughout the day. However, whether circadian factors play a role in alcohol craving has received scant attention. Here, we investigated if the daily rhythm of alcohol craving varied by circadian timing in two independent studies of late adolescent and young adult drinkers. Methods In Study 1, 32 participants (18–22 years of age; 61% female; 69% White) completed momentary reports of alcohol craving five times a day for 14 days. Participants wore wrist actigraphs and completed two in-lab assessments of dim light melatonin onset (DLMO). Average actigraphically-assessed midpoint of sleep on weekends and average DLMO were used as indicators of circadian timing. In Study 2, 231 participants (21–35 years of age; 28% female; 71% White) completed momentary reports of alcohol craving six times a day for 10 days. Average midpoint of self-reported time-in-bed on weekends was used to estimate circadian timing. Results Multilevel cosinor analysis revealed a 24-hour daily rhythm in alcohol craving which was moderated by circadian timing in both studies (p’s<0.05). In both Study 1 and 2, people with later circadian timing had a later timed peak of craving. In Study 1, but not Study 2, later circadian timing predicted a blunted amplitude in craving. Conclusion Findings support a daily rhythm in craving that varies by individual differences in circadian timing. Because craving is an important predictor of future alcohol use, the findings implicate circadian factors as a useful area to advance alcohol research and potentially improve interventions. Support R21AA023209; R01DA044143; K01AA021135; ABMRF/The Foundation for Alcohol Research.

Alcohol oxidases (Alcohol: O 2 Oxidoreductase; EC 1.1.3.x) are flavoenzymes that catalyze the oxidation of alcohols to the corresponding carbonyl compounds with a concomitant release of hydrogen peroxide. Based on substrate specificity, alcohol oxidases may be categorized broadly into four different groups namely, (a) short chain alcohol oxidase (SCAO), (b) long chain alcohol oxidase (LCAO), (c) aromatic alcohol oxidase (AAO), and (d) secondary alcohol oxidase (SAO). The sources reported for these enzymes are mostly limited to bacteria, yeast, fungi, plant, insect, and mollusks. However, the quantum of reports for each category of enzymes considerably varies across these sources. The enzymes belonging to SCAO and LCAO are intracellular in nature, whereas AAO and SAO are mostly secreted to the medium. SCAO and LCAO are invariably reported as multimeric proteins with very high holoenzyme molecular masses, but the molecular characteristics of these enzymes are yet to be clearly elucidated. One of the striking features of the alcohol oxidases that make them distinct from the widely known alcohol dehydrogenase is the avidly bound cofactor to the redox center of these enzymes that obviate the need to supplement cofactor during the catalytic reaction. These flavin-based redox enzymes have gained enormous importance in the development of various industrial processes and products primarily for developing biosensors and production of various industrially useful carbonyl compounds. The present review provides an overview on alcohol oxidases from different categories focusing research on these oxidases during the last decade along with their potential industrial applications.

BackgroundPrevious research shows associations of geographical density of alcohol outlets with a range of alcohol-related harms. Socioeconomic conditions that are associated with both outlet density and alcohol-related outcomes may confound many studies. We examined the association of outlet density with both consumption and harm throughout New Zealand while controlling for indicators of area deprivation and individual socioeconomic status (SES).MethodsIndividual alcohol consumption and drinking consequences were measured in a 2007 national survey of 18–70 year olds (n=1925). All alcohol outlets in New Zealand were geocoded. Outlet density was the number of outlets of each type (off-licences (stores that sell alcoholic beverages for consumption elsewhere), bars, clubs, restaurants) within 1 km of a person's home. We modelled the association of outlet density with total consumption, binge drinking, risky drinking (above New Zealand guidelines) and two measures of effects (‘harms’ and ‘troubles’ due to drinking) in the previous year. Logistic regression and zero-inflated Poisson models were used, adjusting for sex, educational level, a deprivation index (NZDep06) and a rurality index.ResultsNo statistically significant association was seen between outlet density and either average alcohol consumption or risky drinking. Density of off-licences was positively associated with binge drinking, and density of all types of outlet was associated with alcohol-related harm scores, before and after adjustment for SES. Associations of off-licences and clubs with trouble scores were no longer statistically significant in the adjusted analysis.ConclusionsThe positive associations seen between alcohol outlet density and both individual level binge drinking and alcohol-related problems appear to be independent of individual and neighbourhood SES. Reducing density of alcohol outlets may reduce alcohol-related harm among those who live nearby.

Introduction: Decompensated cirrhosis is one of most common causes of hospital readmissions in the United States. It leads to more than 150,000 hospitalizations costing nearly $4 billion dollars each year, and the incidence of hospitalizations due to complications of cirrhosis is increasing. The aim of our study is to determine the national readmission rates in cirrhosis, determine the causes and predictors of readmission. Methods: We identified patients with Cirrhosis from the 2014 Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP) National Readmission Database (NRD) by using ICD-9 codes. Primary outcomes of interest were 30 and 90 day readmissions. The cause for readmission was extracted from the primary and secondary diagnosis fields. Multivariable logistic regression model was used to identify the factors and complications associated with readmission. All analyses were carried out using Stata v.15. Results: There were 12,599 patients with a diagnosis of cirrhosis (mean age 56.4 ± 11.3 years, 37% female). Among them, 55% were readmitted within 30 days and 84% were readmitted within 90 days. There was no difference in readmissions among patients with alcohol related cirrhosis and non-alcohol related cirrhosis (54.6% vs 54.6%, p=0.974). In the multivariate analysis, cirrhosis caused by alcohol was less likely to lead to readmission than non-alcohol related cirrhosis (odds ratio (OR) 0.91, p=0.020). Weekend admissions (OR 1.17, p=0.001), hospital bed-size (big vs small: OR 1.12, p=0.048), patients transferred to other facilities including skilled nursing facility (OR 1.45, p<0.001), patients discharged with home health care (OR 1.26, p<0.001), were associated with increased risk of readmission. Private, not-for-profit hospitals were less likely to have a readmission as compared to a government owned hospital (OR 0.87, p=0.005). The most common complications that led to an increased risk of readmission were ascites, hepatic encephalopathy, and hepatorenal syndrome (OR 1.53, 1.10, and 1.72 respectively), with portal hypertension (OR 0.87) and variceal bleeding (OR 0.59) having lower odds of readmission. Conclusion: Cirrhosis is associated with high 30 and 90 day readmission. The 30-day readmission rate in this study is 55%, which is much higher than previous studies. Hepatorenal syndrome is most strongly associated with readmission. Quality improvement efforts should focus on optimizing the management of complications of cirrhosis.

INTRODUCTION: Candida lipolytica candidemia is usually associated with central venous catheters (CVC). Rarely, gastrointestinal (GI) source has been reported. We are presenting an unusual case of candidemia after esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD). CASE DESCRIPTION: A 51 year old man presented with chills, generalized abdominal pain and coffee ground emesis. Medical history included alcohol abuse and hypertension. He was not on any medications. Notable exam findings were temperature 96.50F, pulse 107 beats/min, blood pressure 67/47 mm Hg, Glasgow coma scale 14, presence of oral and peri-oral coffee ground emetic crusting, asterixis and slow speech. Labs included hemoglobin 8.0 gm/dL, WBC 3,400/cu.mm, platelet count 44,000/cu.mm, anion gap 34, blood urea nitrogen 25 mg/dL, creatinine 0.86 mg/dL, venous lactate 7.7 mmol/L, total bilirubin 3.4 mg/dL, aspartate transaminase 208 IU/L, alanine transaminase 167 IU/L, alkaline phosphatase 177 IU/L, ammonia 44 umol/L, lipase 163 U/L and blood alcohol level less than 10mg/dL. He received intravenous fluids, two units packed red blood cells and pantoprazole infusion. EGD revealed grade D esophagitis and ulceration with spontaneous bleeding in lower one-third of esophagus. First set of blood cultures drawn prior to EGD returned positive for Klebsiella spp. He was started on Ceftazidime. Post-EGD aspiration was suspected. He never required CVC or endotracheal intubation. Blood cultures drawn after EGD came back positive for Candida lipolytica. Computed tomography of chest showed left mainstem bronchus and right middle lobe plugging, confirmed by bronchoscopy. Bronchioalveolar aspirates also revealed Klebsiella spp. and Candida. After ruling out other sources of candidemia, GI source from EGD was presumed. He responded well to intravenous micafungin. DISCUSSION: C.lipolytica is a dimorphic aerobic yeast with the ability to grow in hydrophobic environments capable of intense secretory activity for which has been widely used in many industries. It is weakly virulent and rarely isolated from blood. C. lipolytica fungemia usually occurs in immunocompromised or critically ill patients. It is known to form a biofilm, a viscous slime material causing it to adhere and colonize central venous cathethers. In one case report, an alcohol abuser developed fungemia after cholecystectomy for cholelithiasis and cholecystitis. Another patient with acute pancreatitis developed candidemia due to translocation via GI tract mucosa.