Explore the vast range of titles available.

Summary The objectives of this study were to investigate the adaptation and competition of Lactobacillus plantarum, Pediococcus pentosaceus and Enterococcus faecalis inoculated in alfalfa silage alone or in combination on the fermentation quality, dynamics of bacterial community, and their functional shifts using single‐molecule real‐time (SMRT) sequencing technology. Before ensiling, alfalfa was inoculated with L. plantarum (Lp), P. pentosaceus (Pp), E. faecalis (Ef) or their combinations (LpPp, LpEf, LpPpEf) and sampled at 1, 3, 7, 14 and 60 days. After 60‐days fermentation, the Lp‐, Pp‐ and LpPp‐inoculated silages had lower pH but greater concentrations of lactic acid were observed in Pp, LpEf and LpPpEf‐inoculated silages. The inoculants altered the keystone taxa and the bacterial community dynamics in different manners, where L. plantarum, Weissella cibaria and L. pentosaceus dominated the bacterial communities after 14 days‐fermentation in all treatments. The silages with better fermentation quality had simplified bacterial correlation structures. Moreover, different inoculants dramatically changed the carbohydrate, amino acid, energy, nucleotide and vitamin metabolism of bacterial communities during ensiling. Results of the current study indicate that effect of different inoculants on alfalfa silage fermentation was implemented by modulating the succession of bacterial community, their interactions and metabolic pathways as well during ensiling. This study were investigated the adaptation and competition of Lactobacillus plantarum, Pediococcus pentosaceus, and Enterococcus faecalis inoculated in alfalfa silage alone or in combination on the fermentation quality, dynamics of bacterial community, and their functional shifts of alfalfa silage. The inoculants altered the keystone taxa, dynamics of bacterial community and their functions in different manners, and the silages with better fermentation quality had simplified bacterial correlation structures.

In this study, 191 specimens of insects that infect species of the Fabaceae family, including: Pisum sativum L. (1753), Lens esculenta Moench (1794) and Vigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalis (L.) Verdc. (1763), Vicia faba L. (1753), Phaseolus vulgaris L. (1753), Medicago sativa L. (1753), Trifolium campestre Schreb. (1804), were collected from four governorates: Baghdad, Karbala, Wasit, and Anbar. Four orders, five families, 17 species belonging to 10 genera have been identified; these species are: Liriomyza brassicae Riley (1885), Liriomyza bryoniae Kaltenbach (1858), Liriomyza sativae Blanchard (1938), Liriomyza trifolii Burgess, 1880, Liriomyza strigata Meigen (1830), Liriomyza congesta Becker (1903), Chromatomyia syngenesiae Hardy (1849), Chromatomyia horticola Goureau (1851), Phytomyza isais Hering (1937), Aphis fabae Scopoli (1763), Aphis craccivora Koch (1854), Neotoxoptera oliveri Essig (1935), Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris (1776), Spermophagus sericeus Geoffroy (1785), Hypera zoilus Scopoli (1763), Sitona cylindricollis Fåhraeus (1840) and Polyrhachis lacteipennis Smith (1858). Diptera specimens were collected at high percent, while Hymenoptera had the lowest percentage.

Background Selenium is essential for livestock and human health. The traditional way of adding selenium to livestock diets has limitations, and there is a growing trend to provide livestock with a safe and efficient source of selenium through selenium-enriched pasture. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the effects of selenium enrichment on fermentation characteristics, selenium content, selenium morphology, microbial community and in vitro digestion of silage alfalfa by using unenriched (CK) and selenium-enriched (Se) alfalfa as raw material for silage. Results In this study, selenium enrichment significantly increased crude protein, soluble carbohydrate, total selenium, and organic selenium contents of alfalfa silage fresh and post-silage samples, and it significantly decreased neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber contents ( p  < 0.05). Selenium enrichment altered the form of selenium in plants, mainly in the form of SeMet and SeMeCys, which were significantly higher than that of CK ( p  < 0.05). Selenium enrichment could significantly increase the lactic acid content, reduce the pH value, change the diversity of bacterial community, promote the growth of beneficial bacteria such as Lactiplantibacillus and inhibit the growth of harmful bacteria such as Pantoea , so as to improve the fermentation quality of silage. The in vitro digestibility of dry matter (IVDMD), in vitro digestibility of acid detergent fibers (IVADFD) and in vitro digestibility of acid detergent fibers (IVNDFD) of silage after selenium enrichment were significantly higher than those of CK ( p  < 0.05). Conclusion This study showed that the presence of selenium could regulate the structure of the alfalfa silage bacterial community and improve alfalfa silage fermentation quality. Selenium enrichment measures can change the morphology of selenium in alfalfa silage products, thus promoting the conversion of organic selenium.