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Welding metallurgy and weldability
\"This book describes the weldability aspects of many structural materials used in a wide variety of engineering structures, including steels, stainless steels, Ni-base alloys, and Al-base alloys. The basic mechanisms of weldability are described and methods to improve weldability are described. Specific topics include solidification and liquation cracking, solid-state cracking, hydrogen cracking, fracture and fatigue, and corrosion. Methods for interpretation of weld failures using computational and characterization techniques are described\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
One-step chemical dealloying synthesis of a multi-structured Cu.sub.2Sb/Sb.sub.2O.sub.3/Cu/Cu.sub.2O nanocomposite anode for advanced sodium-ion batteries
While Sb-based anodes for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are attractive for their high gravimetric capacities, they suffer from poor cyclability and sluggish charge storage kinetics due to large volume changes and multiple phase transformations. In this study, we developed a multi-structured Cu.sub.2Sb/Sb.sub.2O.sub.3/Cu/Cu.sub.2O nanocomposite by a simple one-step dealloying strategy. As an anode material for SIBs, this nanocomposite exhibits good cycling performance, maintaining a reversible capacity of 223 mAh g.sup.-1 for over 200 cycles at a current density of 0.2 A g.sup.-1. Furthermore, the Cu.sub.2Sb/Sb.sub.2O.sub.3/Cu/Cu.sub.2O nanocomposite demonstrates twice the sodium-ion diffusion rate compared to pure Sb. The improved electrochemical performance can be attributed to the synergistic effects of the layered NP-Cu.sub.2Sb, Sb.sub.2O.sub.3 nanoparticles and NP-Cu/Cu.sub.2O, which provide efficient pathways for ion and electron transport, thereby enhancing the rate capability of the electrode. Additionally, the inactive Cu within the Cu.sub.2Sb and the formation of Na.sub.2O as an intermediate product effectively accommodate the volume changes that occur during (de)sodiation, preventing the pulverization of the nanocomposite. These findings highlight the potential of Sb-based materials with unique architectures and composite systems as rechargeable SIBs anodes, and this work serves as inspiration for the further development of novel alloy-type electrodes through the facile dealloying method.
Journal Article
The Characteristic of 101¯2101¯1¯ Twin of Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al under Planar Wave Detonation
The microstructure evolution of the twin of TB6 (Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al) under planar wave detonation was studied. The initial microstructure of the alloy consists of an α and β phase. It is found that twin deformation is operated in only the α phase due to the limited slip system in this phase. α grains are mainly rotated from 101¯0 to 0002 during the deformation due to the 101¯2<101¯1¯> twin. Twin variant selection is found in this study, and the orientation of all 101¯2 twins is oriented at 0002 in different α grains with different deformation degrees. The twin variant selection is well explained based on the strain relaxation along the loading axis and the Schmid factor for twinning shear.
Journal Article
Effect of C Addition on the Microstructure and Fracture Properties of In Situ Laminated Nb/Nbsub.5Sisub.3 Composites
//Nb[sub.ss] and α-Nb[sub.5]Si[sub.3] phases were detected. Meanwhile, Nb[sub.2]C was observed, and the crystal forms of Nb[sub.5]Si[sub.3] changed in the C-doped composites. Furthermore, micron-sized and nano-sized Nb[sub.2]C particles were found in the Nb[sub.ss] layer. The orientation relationship of Nb[sub.2]C phase and the surrounding Nb[sub.ss] was [001][sub.Nbss]//[010][sub.Nb2C], (200) [sub.Nbss]//(101) [sub.Nb2C]. Additionally, with the addition of C, the compressive strength of the composites, at 1400 °C, and the fracture toughness increased from 310 MPa and 11.9 MPa·m[sup.1/2] to 330 MPa and 14.2 MPa·m[sup.1/2], respectively; the addition of C mainly resulted in solid solution strengthening.
Journal Article
Experimental and Theoretical Studies of Hydrogen Storage in LaNisub.4.4Alsub.0.3Fesub.0.3 Hydride Bed
In this article, the experimental measurements of the absorption/desorption P–C–T isotherms of hydrogen in the LaNi[sub.4.4]Fe[sub.0.3]Al[sub.0.3] alloy at different temperatures and constant hydrogen pressure have been studied using a numerical model. The mathematics equations of this model contain parameters, such as the two terms, n[sub.α] and n[sub.β,] representing the numbers of hydrogen atoms per site; N[sub.mα] and N[sub.mβ] are the receptor sites’ densities, and the energetic parameters are P[sub.α] and P[sub.β]. All these parameters are derived by numerically adjusting the experimental data. The profiles of these parameters during the absorption/desorption process are studied as a function of temperature. Thereafter, we examined the evolution of the internal energy versus temperature, which typically ranges between 138 and 181 kJmol[sup.−1] for the absorption process and between 140 and 179 kJmol[sup.−1] for the desorption process. The evolution of thermodynamic functions with pressure, for example, entropy, Gibbs free energy (G), and internal energy, are determined from the experimental data of the hydrogen absorption and desorption isotherms of the LaNi[sub.4.4]A[sub.l0.3]F[sub.e0.3] alloy.
Journal Article
Current Trends in Metallic Materials for Body Panels and Structural Members Used in the Automotive Industry
The development of lightweight and durable materials for car body panels and load-bearing elements in the automotive industry results from the constant desire to reduce fuel consumption without reducing vehicle performance. The investigations mainly concern the use of these alloys in the automotive industry, which is characterised by mass production series. Increasing the share of lightweight metals in the entire structure is part of the effort to reduce fuel consumption and carbon dioxide emissions into the atmosphere. Taking into account environmental sustainability aspects, metal sheets are easier to recycle than composite materials. At the same time, the last decade has seen an increase in work related to the plastic forming of sheets made of non-ferrous metal alloys. This article provides an up-to-date systematic overview of the basic applications of metallic materials in the automotive industry. The article focuses on the four largest groups of metallic materials: steels, aluminium alloys, titanium alloys, and magnesium alloys. The work draws attention to the limitations in the development of individual material groups and potential development trends of materials used for car body panels and other structural components.
Journal Article
Comparing the Corrosion Resistance of 5083 Al and Alsub.2Osub.33D/5083 Al Composite in a Chloride Environment
In this study, an Al[sub.2]O[sub.3]3D/5083 Al composite was fabricated by infiltrating a molten 5083 Al alloy into a three-dimensional alumina reticulated porosity ceramics skeleton preform (Al[sub.2]O[sub.3]3D) using a pressureless infiltration method. The corrosion resistance of 5083 Al alloy and Al[sub.2]O[sub.3]3D/5083 Al in NaCl solution were compared via electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), dynamic polarization potential (PDP), and neutral salt spray (NSS) tests. The microstructure of the two materials were investigated by 3D X-ray microscope and scanning electron microscopy aiming at understanding the corrosion mechanisms. Results show that an Al[sub.2]O[sub.3]3D/5083 Al composite consists of interpenetrating structure of 3D-continuous matrices of continuous networks 5083 Al alloy and Al[sub.2]O[sub.3]3D phase. A large area of strong interfaces of 5083 Al and Al[sub.2]O[sub.3]3D exist in the Al[sub.2]O[sub.3]3D/5083 Al composite. The corrosion development process can be divided into the initial period, the development period, and the stability period. Al[sub.2]O[sub.3]3D used as reinforcement in Al[sub.2]O[sub.3]3D/5083 Al composite improves the corrosion resistance of Al[sub.2]O[sub.3]3D/5083 Al composite via electrochemistry tests. Thus, the corrosion resistance of Al[sub.2]O[sub.3]3D/5083 Al is higher than that of 5083 Al alloy. The NSS test results indicate that the corrosion resistance of Al[sub.2]O[sub.3]3D/5083 Al was lower than that of 5083 Al alloy during the initial period, higher than that of 5083 Al alloy during the development period, and there was no obvious difference in corrosion resistance during the stability period. It is considered that the elements in 5083 Al alloy infiltrated into the Al[sub.2]O[sub.3]3D/5083 Al composite are segregated, and the uniform distribution of the segregated elements leads to galvanic corrosion during the corrosion initial period. The perfect combination of interfaces of Al[sub.2]O[sub.3]3D and the 5083 Al alloy matrix promotes excellent corrosion resistance during the stability period.
Journal Article
Laser Cladding of FeCoCrNiNbsub.0.5 High-Entropy Alloy Coating: Microstructure, Nanoindentation Behavior and Wear Behavior
FeCoCrNi coating and FeCoCrNiNb[sub.0.5] HEA coatings were deposited onto the surface of a stainless-steel motor main shaft using laser cladding technology. This study investigated the effect of Nb addition on the microstructure, phase composition, crystallographic properties, nanoindentation response, and wear behavior of the FeCoCrNi coating. The results indicated that the FeCoCrNiNb[sub.0.5] coating consisted of an FCC phase and a Laves phase. Furthermore, the solid solution of Nb increased the lattice distortion of the FCC phase and enhanced its solute strengthening effect. The addition of Nb significantly improved the nanohardness of the coating. The nanohardness of the FeCoCrNiNb[sub.0.5] coating reached 6.47 ± 0.23 GPa, markedly higher than that of the Nb-free FeCoCrNi coating. In addition, the FeCoCrNiNb[sub.0.5] coating exhibited higher H/E and H[sup.3]/E[sup.2] ratios, suggesting improved resistance to plastic deformation. Owing to the increased nanohardness, the FeCoCrNiNb[sub.0.5] coating demonstrated superior wear resistance, with an average friction coefficient of 0.52 and a wear volume of 5.49 × 10[sup.5] μm[sup.3]. The dominant wear mechanisms were identified as abrasive wear, adhesive wear, and oxidative wear.
Journal Article
Superior Strength-Ductility Synergy Enabled by Dual-Level Heterostructure of L1sub.2 Precipitates and Local Chemical Order in a MPEA
The trade-off between strength and ductility remains a pivotal challenge in the development of multi-principal element alloys (MPEAs) for structural applications. Here, we report a dual-scale ordering strategy to achieve triple strengthening in a Ni-26.6Co-18.4Cr-5.4Nb-4.1Mo-2.3Al-0.3Ti-0.05Y (wt.%) MPEA through the synergistic interplay of L1[sub.2] nanoprecipitates and local chemical order (LCO). The alloy was processed via cold rolling followed by aging at 750 °C for 8 h, resulting in a high density of coherent L1[sub.2] precipitates (average size 47 ± 1 nm, volume fraction 27%) with an ultra-low lattice misfit of 0.5%. Additionally, sub-nanoscale LCO domains with an average diameter of 0.62 nm were identified within the face-centered cubic matrix. This hierarchical microstructure yields an exceptional combination of mechanical properties at room temperature: yield strength of 1480 ± 6 MPa, ultimate tensile strength of 1678 ± 10 MPa, and a total elongation of 13.9 ± 0.2%. Quantitative strengthening analysis reveals that precipitation strengthening (697 MPa) is the dominant contributor, followed by dislocation strengthening (397 MPa). Transmission electron microscopy characterization of deformed samples reveals that the low stacking fault energy, promoted by LCO, facilitates the dissociation of perfect dislocations and the formation of extensive stacking faults. The intersection of stacking faults on different 111 planes generates a large number of Lomer–Cottrell locks, which significantly enhance work hardening and delay plastic instability. The findings demonstrate that engineering dual-scale ordered structures offers a promising pathway for developing MPEAs with a superior strength-ductility combination.
Journal Article