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Freedom of speech : mightier than the sword
\"From the longtime New York Times reporter, best-selling author, and Pulitzer Prize winner-- an expansive, timely assessment of the state of free speech in America. David Shipler's recent best seller, The Working Poor, cemented his place among our most trenchant social commentators. Now, he turns his keen, illuminating focus to another endangered American ideal: freedom of speech. Through selected accounts of First Amendment invocation and infringement, Shipler maps a rapidly shifting topography of political and cultural norms: parents in Michigan rallying to teachers vilified for their reading lists; conservative ministers risking their churches' tax-exempt status to preach politics from the pulpit; national security reporters using techniques more common in dictatorships to avoid leak prosecution; history teachers in Texas quietly navigating around a conservative curriculum to give students access to unapproved perspectives. Anchored in personal stories--sometimes shocking, sometimes absurd, sometimes dishearteningly familiar--but encompassing a theme as sweeping and essential as democracy itself, Freedom of Speech brilliantly reveals the triumphs and challenges of defining and protecting the boundaries of free expression in modern America\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Engineering Constitutional Change
This volume provides a holistic presentation of the reality of constitutional change in 18 countries (the 15 old EU member states, Canada, Switzerland and the USA). The essays offer analysis on formal and informal constitutional amendment bringing forth the overall picture of the parallel paths constitutional change follows, in correlation to what the constitution means and how constitutional law works. To capture the patterns of constitutional change, multi-faceted parameters are explored such as the interrelations between form of government, party system, and constitutional amendment; the interplay between constitutional change and the system of constitutionality review; the role of the people, civil society, and experts in constitutional change; and the influence of international and European law and jurisprudence on constitutional reform and evolution. In the extensive final, comparative chapter, key features of each country's amendment procedures are epitomized and the mechanisms of constitutional change are explained on the basis of introducing five distinct models of constitutional change. The concept of constitutional rigidity is re-approached and broken down to a set of factual and institutional rigidities. The classification of countries within models, in accordance with the way in which operative amending mechanisms connect, leads to a succinct portrayal of different modes of constitutional change engineering.
This book will prove to be an invaluable tool for approaching constitutional revision either for theoretical or for practical purposes and will be of particular interest to students and scholars of constitutional, comparative and public law.
eBook
Biochar’s effect on crop productivity and the dependence on experimental conditions—a meta-analysis of literature data
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: For the last decade, there has been an increasing global interest in using biochar to mitigate climate change by storing carbon in soil. However, there is a lack of detailed knowledge on the impact of biochar on the crop productivity in different agricultural systems. The objective of this study was to quantify the effect of biochar soil amendment (BSA) on crop productivity and to analyze the dependence of responses on experimental conditions. METHODS: A weighted meta-analysis was conducted based on data from 103 studies published up to April, 2013. The effect of BSA on crop productivity was quantified by characterizing experimental conditions. RESULTS: In the published experiments, with biochar amendment rates generally <30 t ha⁻¹, BSA increased crop productivity by 11.0 % on average, while the responses varied with experimental conditions. Greater responses were found in pot experiments than in field, in acid than in neutral soils, in sandy textured than in loam and silt soils. Crop response in field experiments was greater for dry land crops (10.6 % on average) than for paddy rice (5.6 % on average). This result, associated with the higher response in acid and sandy textured soils, suggests both a liming and an aggregating/moistening effect of BSA. CONCLUSIONS: The analysis suggests a promising role for BSA in improving crop productivity especially for dry land crops, and in acid, poor-structured soils though there was wide variation with soil, crop and biochar properties. Long-term field studies are needed to elucidate the persistence of BSA’s effect and the mechanisms for improving crop production in a wide range of agricultural conditions. At current prices and C-trading schemes, however, BSA would not be cost-effective unless persistent soil improvement and crop response can be demonstrated.
Journal Article
Freedom of the press
Readers learn the full extent of the freedom of the press through examples, historical context, clear explanations, and modern court cases.
Book
To Trust the People with Arms
In 2007, for the first time in nearly seventy years, the Supreme
Court decided to hear a case involving the Second Amendment. The
resulting decision in District of Columbia v. Heller
(2008) was the first time the Court declared a firearms restriction
to be unconstitutional on the basis of the Second Amendment. It was
followed two years later by a similar decision in McDonald v.
City of Chicago , and in 2022, the Court further expanded its
support for Second Amendment rights in New York State Rifle and
Pistol Association v. Bruen -a decision whose far-reaching
implications are still being unraveled. To Trust the People
with Arms explores the remarkable and complex legal history of
how the right to bear arms was widely accepted during the nation's
founding, was near extinction in the late twentieth century, and is
now experiencing a rebirth in the Supreme Court in the twenty-first
century.
Robert J. Cottrol and Brannon P. Denning link the right to bear
arms with other major themes in American history. Prompted by the
eighteenth-century belief that arms played a vital role in
preserving the liberties of the citizen, the Second Amendment met
many challenges in the nation's history. Among the most acute of
these were racism, racial violence, and the extension of the right
to bear arms to African Americans and other marginalized groups.
The development of modern firearms and twentieth-century
urbanization also challenged traditional notions concerning the
value of an armed population. Cottrol and Denning make a
particularly important contribution linking the nation's
participation in the wars of the twentieth century and the
strengthening of American gun culture. Most of all, they give a
nuanced and sophisticated legal history that engages legal realism,
different varieties of originalism, and the role of chance and
accident in history. To Trust the People with Arms
integrates history, politics, and law in an interdisciplinary way
to illustrate the roles that guns and the right to keep and bear
arms have played in American history, culture, and law.
eBook