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Residential buildings consume more than 40% of total energy worldwide. The aim of this research is to investigate the importance of energy consumed in residential buildings and how it may impact the indoor environment. In order to enhance the energy efficiency in the architectural design of a house, a detailed empirical analysis is provided, measurement instruments being used for a building with and without thermal insulation to evaluate the degree of its impact and the discrepancy of its effect. The study also provides some ideas for further future growth to reduce energy consumption. Finally, this research will provide an analysis in regard to reducing energy consumption in residential building. This paper limits itself to residential buildings rather than non-residential due to the large number of residents. In many poor countries, the residents are lacking in energy efficiency certificates, so they misuse energy by consuming tremendous amounts of power. This article will point out those categories and offer scientific solutions.

This book reviews the major developments in and the lessons learned from the 21-year (1991-2012) experience with private sector participation (PSP) in the power sector in India. It discusses the political economy context of the policy changes, looks at reform initiatives that were implemented for the generation sector, describes transmission and distribution segments at different points in the evolution of the sector, and concludes with a summary of lessons learned and a suggested way forward. The evolution of private participation in the Indian power sector can be divided into different phases. Phase one was launched with the opening of the generation sector to private investment in 1991. Phase two soon followed - early experiments with state-level unbundling and other reform initiatives, including regulatory reform, culminating in divestiture, and privatization in Orissa and Delhi respectively. Phase three, the passage of the electricity act of 2003 by the central government, followed by a large increase in private entry into generation and forays into transmission and experiments with distribution franchise models in urban and rural areas during the 11th five-year plan (2007-12) period. In phase four, at the start of the 12th five-year plan (2012-17), the sector is seeing a sharp reduction in bid euphoria and greater risk aversion on the part of bidders, who are concerned about access to basic inputs such as fuel and land. In this context, the report is structured as follows: chapter one gives introduction; chapter two presents private sector participation in thermal generation; chapter three presents private sector participation in transmission; chapter four deals with private sector participation in distribution; chapter five deals with private sector participation in the Indian solar energy sector; chapter six deals with financing of the power sector; chapter seven presents emerging issues and proposed approaches for the Indian power sector; and chapter eight give updates.

At the end of 2011, the Indian power sector found itself in financial crisis, just a decade after the 2001 bailout of state electricity boards (SEBs) by the central government. Bankrupt state power distribution utilities in several states were unable to pay their bills or repay their debts. Despite the passage of the landmark 2003 Electricity Act and implementation of a broad set of reforms over the past decade, the sector today is looking at another rescue from the center, four times larger than before. This financial rescue scheme amounts to about Rs 1.9 trillion ($42 billion) and was instigated by the nonperforming assets of the banks and other financial institutions. The Electricity Act was envisaged to create independent companies functioning on commercial principles, but they are still far away from that goal. This report presents a diagnostic of the financial and operational performance of segments in the power sector value chain between adoption of the Electricity Act, 2003, and 2011, including analysis of the factors that contributed to the recent crisis. The report focuses on efficiency and productivity, whether performance has improved over time, and which states have emerged as performance leaders. Analysis of this kind is not new or unique, but this report aims to integrate historical performance, the current situation, future projections of the impact of worsening sector finances, and the actions that need to be taken to check the downturn. The report draws primarily from utility data collected by the Power Finance Corporation in successive years on utilities operational and financial performance. The Power Finance Corporation data were collated into a single database with the addition of various operational parameters at the plant level and the utility level from the Central Electricity Authority.

The wind regime in Colombia has been rated among the best in South America. However, under the current circumstances, and on its own, the interconnected system would not likely promote wind power. This report is targeted to analysts, planners, operators, generators and decision makers in Colombia and other countries in the region and provides a set of policy options to promote the use of wind power. The potential instruments assessed in this study include financial instruments, government fiscal mechanisms, and adjustments to the regulatory system. The single most effective policy instrument to promote wind power in Colombia consists on valuing the firm energy offered by wind, its potential complementarity to the hydrological regime and enabling wind power an access to reliability payments.

Despite the East Asia and Pacific (EAP) region's impressive economic growth, over 1 billion of its people still lack access to electricity and modern cooking solutions. To achieve universal access to modern energy by 2030, this book exhorts EAP countries to advance simultaneously on two paths: (1) accelerate programs for grid and off-grid electricity through appropriate policies and innovative technologies; and (2) scale up access to clean cooking fuels and efficient cooking stoves, particularly for biomass in poor rural areas.

This chapter contains sections titled: Geometry Torque Production Back Voltage Operation Series Connection Universal Motors Commutator Compound Wound DC Machines Problems

To ensure frequency stability in power systems with high wind penetration, the doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) is often used with the frequency fast response control (FFRC) to participate in frequency response. However, a certain output power suppression amount (OPSA) is generated during frequency support, resulting in the frequency modulation (FM) capability of DFIG not being fully utilised, and the system’s unbalanced power will be increased during speed recovery, resulting in a second frequency drop (SFD) in the system. Firstly, the frequency response characteristics of the power system with DFIG containing FFRC are analysed. Then, based on the analysis of the generation mechanism of OPSA and SFD, a combined wind-storage FM control strategy is proposed to improve the system’s frequency response characteristics. This strategy reduces the effect of OPSA and improves the FM capability of DFIG by designing the fuzzy logic of the coefficients of FFRC according to the system frequency index in the frequency support stage. During the speed recovery stage, the energy storage (ES) active power reference value is calculated according to the change of DFIG rotor speed, and the ES output power is dynamically adjusted to reduce the SFD. Finally, taking the IEEE 39-bus test system as an example, real-time digital simulation verification was conducted based on the RTLAB OP5707 simulation platform. The simulation results show that the proposed method can improve the FM capability of DFIG, reduce the SFD under the premise of guaranteeing the rapid rotor speed recovery, and avoid the overshooting phenomenon so that the system frequency can be quickly restored to a stable state.

Offshore wind technology has developed rapidly and an offshore wind farm has the potential to power nearby offshore platforms in the future. This paper presents a case study of integrating a 20 MW wind farm which addressed the theoretical challenges of integrating large wind turbines into a stand-alone oil and gas platform grid. Firstly, the operational benefits of the 20 MW wind power integration were quantitatively assessed with regard to the fuel gas consumption and CO₂/NOx emissions reduction. Secondly, the electrical grid stability after integration of the 20 MW wind power was tested by nine dynamic simulations that included: motor starts, loss of one gas turbine, loss of all wind turbines and wind speed fluctuations. Thirdly, the maximum amount of the wind power available for integration was identified by simulating critical operational conditions and comparing these to the governing standards, integration of an offshore wind farm to an oil and gas platform is theoretically possible, but has not been proven by this study and many other operational and economic factors should be included in future feasibility studies.

Accurate forecast results of medium and long-term wind power quantity can provide an important basis for power distribution plans, energy storage allocation plans and medium and long-term power generation plans after wind power integration. However, there are still some problems such as low forecast accuracy and a low degree of integration for wind power physical processes. In this study, the Multi-step Informer network is proposed to add meteorological parameters to wind power generation forecast and make network interpretable. The Multi-step Informer network uses Informer to obtain the initial training model according to the historical data of wind power generation, introduces the Informer model of wind speed and air pressure training involved in the dynamic pressure model, and compares the historical data of wind power generation to obtain model modification, so as to further improve the forecast accuracy of Multi-step Informer network. The backpropagation process of the pre-trained Informer should be truncated to avoid being influenced by the pre-trained Informer during training of the Multi-step Informer network, which also guarantees the interpretability of the running results of the network. The Multi-step Informer network has the advantage of error correction of wind power generation, which improves the forecast accuracy. From the calculation results of the root mean square error, Multi-step Informer network improves forecast accuracy by 29% compared to Informer network.

This chapter contains sections titled: What is Cloud Computing? On‐Demand: Cloud Computing Infrastructure On‐Demand: Software as a Service On‐Demand: Platform as a Service