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Tech to protect : high-tech defense science
Provides information about many of the incredible technological innovations that are occurring in the defense industry, including weaponry and military hardware, as well as surveillance and cybersecurity programs.
Book
EMC for Product Designers (4th Edition)
Widely regarded as the standard text on EMC, this book provides all the key information needed to meet the requirements of the latest EMC Directive. Most importantly, it shows how to incorporate EMC principles into the product design process, avoiding cost and performance penalties, meeting the needs of specific standards and resulting in a better overall product. As well as covering the very latest legal requirements, the Fourth Edition has been thoroughly updated in line with the latest best practice in EMC compliance and product design. Coverage has been considerably expanded to include the R&TTE and Automotive EMC Directives, as well the military aerospace standards of DEF STAN 59-41 and DO160E. A new chapter on systems EMC is included, while short case studies demonstrate how EMC product design is put into practice. Electronic design engineers, compliance engineers, regulatory engineers, test engineers, EMC consultants, and managers responsible for product compliance and product design will benefit from this book.
eBook
Until I met Dudley : how everyday things really work
A young girl used to have fantastic ideas about how things work, but Dudley tells her how it really is, explaining the workings of mechanical objects such as vacuum cleaners, refrigerators, dishwashers, and toasters.
Book
Salivary levels of cariogenic bacterial species during orthodontic treatment with thermoplastic aligners or fixed appliances: a prospective cohort study
BackgroundFixed orthodontic appliances might be associated with intraoral adverse effects on enamel, due to plaque accumulation and their colonization by oral microbes. At the same time, the demand for esthetic alternatives to orthodontic treatment, like thermoplastic aligners, is growing. However, thermoplastic aligners may behave differently intraorally than fixed appliances in terms of bacterial colonization and biofilm formation. Therefore, the aim of this prospective cohort study was to assess the salivary prevalence of the cariogenic bacteria Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus acidophilus, and Streptococcus sanguinis among adolescents treated orthodontically with thermoplastic aligners or fixed appliances.MethodsThirty adolescent patients (17 girls/13 boys; mean age 13.8 years old) were assigned to treatment with either (i) self-ligating fixed appliances with nickel-titanium archwires or (ii) aligners constructed from clear transparent polyethylenterephthalat-glycol copolyester (PET-G) thermoplastic sheets. Whole stimulated saliva was collected from each patient at three time points: at baseline (before bonding and initiation of orthodontic therapy or before insertion of the thermoplastic aligners), after 2 weeks, and after 1 month. A simplified plaque index, a simplified gingival index, and the decayed, missing, and filled teeth (DMFT) index were assessed from the clinical examination of the patients. Microbiological analysis of salivary bacteria was performed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction, followed by descriptive and inferential statistics at the 5% level.ResultsAlthough patients treated with aligners had significantly lower plaque and gingivitis scores throughout treatment compared to patients treated with fixed appliances, no significant difference could be found between the S. mutans counts of the two groups at any time through treatment (P > 0.05). On the other hand, patients treated with aligners had significantly lower salivary S. sanguinis counts at all time points than patients treated with fixed appliances (P < 0.05). Finally, almost no L. acidophilus were identified in the collected saliva samples in either of the treated samples.ConclusionsWithin the limitations of this study, there were no differences in the salivary counts of S. mutans or L. acidophilus among adolescent patients treated for 1 month with thermoplastic aligners or self-ligating appliances. On the other hand, patients treated with aligners had lower salivary levels of S. sanguinis compared to those treated with self-ligating appliances.
Journal Article
Electricity and electronics for renewable energy technology : an introduction
\"Provides a foundational understanding of electricity and the methods and devices specific to electricity from renewable sources. The book begins with a brief explanation of the necessary mathematics and then: Addresses the basics of electricity and relationships, motors and generators, transformers, and networks and distribution; Tackles the key concepts associated with electronics, diodes and transistors, switching devices, and power converters; Covers digital electronics from number systems and logic circuits to encoders and decoders; Explores advanced subjects such as reactive power and the operation of a transistor\"--Provided by publisher.
Book
Comparison of pain intensity and impacts on oral health-related quality of life between orthodontic patients treated with clear aligners and fixed appliances: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Objective
This study aimed to compare the pain intensity and impacts on oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) between orthodontic patients treated with clear aligners (CAs) and fixed appliances (FAs).
Methods
A systematic search was conducted up to December 2022 using PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Embase. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and prospective non-randomized controlled trials (non-RCTs) comparing pain intensity or OHRQoL between patients treated with CAs and FAs were included. The risk of bias (RoB) of individual studies was evaluated using the Cochrane RoB tool 2.0 and ROBINS-I tool for RCTs and non-RCTs, respectively. Further, meta-analyses were separately conducted for each included study using the total oral health impact profile (OHIP)-14 and visual analog scale (VAS) scores to evaluate OHRQoL and pain intensity, respectively.
Results
Overall, 12 studies (5 RCTs and 7 non-RCTs) were included in the study. Subgroup analyses conducted according to the total OHIP-14 scores revealed that patients treated with CAs had higher OHRQoL at 1 week, 1 month, and 6 months of the treatment. Meanwhile, subgroup analyses conducted according to the VAS scores revealed that pain levels were lower in the CA group only at 3 and 4 days of the treatment.
Conclusions
Patients treated with clear aligners had higher OHRQoL than those treated with fixed appliances during orthodontic treatment. However, OHRQoL appeared to be similar between the two groups at the end of the treatment. Moreover, patients treated with clear aligners experienced lesser pain than those treated with fixed appliances on the third and fourth day after the initial treatment. The difference in pain intensity between the two treatment modalities was not noted at other time points.
Journal Article
Effects of clear aligners and traditional removable appliances on oral microbiome in mixed dentition: a comparative study
Background
This prospective study aims to investigate the comparative effects of clear aligners (CA) and traditional removable appliances (RA) on the cariogenic risk of patients in mixed dentition, focusing on the oral microbiome.
Methods
25 children were included and assigned into CA and RA groups. Supragingival plaque and saliva samples were collected, and clinical parameters including Decay-missing-filled teeth index (DMFT), Plaque Index (PI) and Gorelick Index (GI) were recorded before treatment (T
0
) and after 6-month follow-up (T
1
). DNA was extracted from supragingival plaque and saliva and analyzed via 16S rDNA gene sequencing.
Results
Clinical parameters showed no statistically significant difference between groups at each time point or within group over time (
p
> 0.05). In both RA and CA groups, saliva exhibited significantly higher alpha diversity compared to supragingival plaque at T
1
, as indicated by the significantly higher Chao1 and Shannon indexes (
p
< 0.05). Regarding beta diversity, significant difference was observed in saliva and supragingival plaque samples between T
0
and T
1
within group RA (
p
< 0.05, Adonis), whereas no such significance was noted in the CA group (
p
> 0.05, Adonis). At the genus level,
Lactobacillus
exhibited a statistically significant increase in saliva and supragingival plaque of group RA from T
0
to T
1
(
p
< 0.05), and an increasing trend in the group CA without statistical significance (
p
> 0.05). At T
1
,
Lactobacillus
levels were comparable between groups, whereas species-level analysis revealed distinct cariogenic species.
Conclusion
Both clear aligners and traditional removable appliances resulted in elevated cariogenic risk of patients in mixed dentition at the microbial level. Distinct alterations in cariogenic species were observed to be induced by various orthodontic appliances.
Journal Article