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"ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE"
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Managed aquifer recharge in MENA countries : developments, applications, challenges, strategies, and sustainability
This text presents an updated state-of-the-art for managed aquifer recharge (MAR) for MENA regions. MENA regions are home to 6% of the world's population but only possess 1.4% of its water resources with almost absolute scarcity. Groundwater is the primary source of water in 54% of MENA countries. Therefore, the MENA regions seek sustainable management solutions amid its arid climate and rising demands from urbanization and agriculture. MAR aims to help sustain groundwater resources. This book explores MAR as a strategic approach to reducing water security by enhancing groundwater supplies. Utilizing techniques such as soil aquifer recharge, aquifer storage and recovery, rainfall harvesting, and riverbank filtration. The presented case studies offer deep insights into MAR methods, their implementation, and MAR technologies.
BOOK
Delineation of groundwater recharge zones and identification of artificial recharge sites in West Medinipur district, West Bengal, using RS, GIS and MCDM techniques
Artificial recharge plays a pivotal role in the sustainable management of groundwater resources. This study proposes a methodology to delineate artificial recharge zones as well as to identify favorable artificial recharge sites using integrated remote sensing (RS), geographical information system (GIS) and multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) techniques for augmenting groundwater resources in the West Medinipur district of West Bengal, India, which has been facing water shortage problems for the past few years. The thematic layers considered in this study are: geomorphology, geology, drainage density, slope and aquifer transmissivity, which were prepared using IRS-1D imagery and conventional data. Different themes and their corresponding features were assigned proper weights based on their relative contribution to groundwater recharge in the area, and normalized weights were computed using the Saaty’s analytic hierarchy process (AHP). These thematic layers were then integrated in the GIS environment to delineate artificial recharge zones in the study area. The artificial recharge map thus obtained divided the study area into three zones, viz., ‘suitable,’ ‘moderately suitable’ and ‘unsuitable’ according to their suitability for artificial groundwater recharge. It was found that about 46% of the study area falls under ‘suitable’ zone, whereas 43% falls under the ‘moderately suitable’ zone. The western portion of the study area was found to be unsuitable for artificial recharge. The artificial recharge zone map of the study area was found to be in agreement with the map of mean groundwater depths over the area. Furthermore, forty possible sites for artificial recharge were also identified using RS and GIS techniques. Based on the available field information, check dams are suggested as promising artificial recharge structures. The results of this study could be used to formulate an efficient groundwater management plan for the study area so as to ensure sustainable utilization of scarce groundwater resources.
Journal Article
Delineation of groundwater potential zones and recommendation of artificial recharge structures for augmentation of groundwater resources in Vattamalaikarai Basin, South India
Nowadays, GIS and remote sensing techniques are effectively used to find groundwater prospect zones in various troublesome landscapes throughout the world. In the present work, groundwater potential zonation mapping was carried out for the Vattamalaikarai River basin in South India by overlaying ten thematic maps such as soil, drainage density, lineament density, geology, slope, land use/land cover, geomorphology, topographic position index, rainfall and groundwater level by giving appropriate weightages to each significant parameter with respect to its influence on groundwater. As the basin mainly depends on the groundwater resources, it is necessary to assess the groundwater prospect for the better management of aquifer system. Groundwater potential zonation map illustrates that more than 50% of the basin region falls under moderate to low groundwater potential category. Highly influential thematic layers were integrated to generate groundwater recharge zonation map. Based on this output, artificial recharge sites were selected to replenish the groundwater resources in the basin. Three check dam sites were suggested across the third- and fourth-order streams. Four suitable sites for the construction of percolation ponds and ten locations for the construction of recharge pits were also identified. Four injection well sites were recommended to augment groundwater in the aquifer present under the black cotton soil regions in the western part of the basin.
Journal Article
Assessing groundwater potentialities and replenishment feasibility using machine learning and MCDM models considering hydro-geological aspects and water quality constituents
Climate change has significantly impacted rainfall patterns, water availability, and security. Changes in rainfall alter the groundwater table, primarily sourced from rainfall in tropical regions, a crucial source of freshwater on Earth. Assessing its potentiality, quality, and replenishment feasibility continues to pose a challenge. Our study aims to identify potential groundwater zones to define artificial recharge zones by considering hydrogeological aspects and water quality. Additionally, the study aims to propose suitable recharge structures for different lithological groups in Kangsabati Upper Catchment. The present study used the extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) algorithm and analytical hierarchy process (AHP) model to delineate the groundwater potential zones and suitable zones to replenish the water table. The XGBoost model evaluated the groundwater potential zones with 81% accuracy (SVM > RF > ANN) and identified various levels of potential. The area with very high and high prospects covers 23.36% and 20.14% respectively, while 20.32% and 13.94% of the area is covered by the low and very low prospect zones. On the other hand, according to the AHP approach, the estimated percentage of coverage for the classes is as follows: very good (< 1%), good (21.45%), moderate (57.53%), poor (15.63%), and unsuitable (5.21%). The study unveils that the east-central, east, north and the area within 300 m contour lines are ideal for both groundwater potential and replenishing the water tables. To achieve the objectives of Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 6, effective strategies for suitable utilization and artificial recharge of water resources may result from implementing Machine Learning-Multiple Criteria Decision Making (ML-MCDM) models with pertinent influencing factors.
Journal Article
The effects of artificial recharge of groundwater on controlling land subsidence and its influence on groundwater quality and aquifer energy storage in Shanghai, China
Long-term groundwater overpumping in Shanghai has caused serious land subsidence. To restore the declined piezometric groundwater levels and to decrease the land subsidence rate, artificial recharge (AR) of groundwater into confined aquifers through injected wells has been proposed as an important measurement since the beginning of the 1960s. In the case of Shanghai, recharge source is tap water, whose chemical constituents and temperature are different from groundwater. Consequently, the issues of groundwater quality change and thermal energy are worthy of discussion. In this paper, we discussed the influences of AR for controlling land subsidence on: (1) groundwater level and land subsidence rate, (2) groundwater quality, (3) aquifer thermal energy storage. The results based on the collected long-term historical data in the study area show that AR not only is beneficial to groundwater level rising and land rebound, but also provides cheap energy sources for industrial production. The groundwater quality presented the trend of desalination and a general increase in sulfate, iron and manganese contents, organic and nitrogenous compounds after the tap water injection. However, the AR’s influence on groundwater quality was limited, with the radius <100 m for single-well recharge and <1000 m for well groups recharge. To control the development of the land subsidence within a safe limit in the study area, the injected confined aquifers and the distribution of the AR wells need to be further adjusted due to the limitation of current AR.
Journal Article
Identifying groundwater recharge zones using remote sensing & GIS techniques in Amaravathi aquifer system, Tamil Nadu, South India
In order to increase the sustainability of the wells and arrest the declining groundwater level trends in Amaravathi aquifer system, southern India, remote sensing and geographic information system (GIS) approach was attempted to identify favourable regions for construction of artificial recharge structures. GIS overlay analysis was carried out wherein 8 layers viz. geology, geomorphology, slope, soil, land use, post monsoon water level, weathering depth and waterbodies/drainage were integrated. Survey of India toposheet, Indian Remote Sensing Satellite IC data and ASTER data were used to develop the various thematic maps. These maps were later transferred to raster data. Groundwater level from the monitoring stations and weathering thickness data from the 248 deep wells constructed were used for the integration. Four zone namely very high, high, moderate and very poor have been demarcated. About 45% of the study area was categorised as high to very highly feasible zone. The existing artificial recharge structures in the region were also plotted and proposed artificial recharge structures were calculated. About 166 masonry check dam, 155 nala bunds, 575 recharge shafts (within tanks), 716 percolation ponds (repair, renovation and restoration) have been calculated and implementation of the proposed structures would create an additional water resource of 198 million m
3
annually.
Journal Article
Assessment and delineation of potential groundwater recharge zones in areas prone to saltwater intrusion hazard: a case from Central Iran
Demarcation of the potential zones for groundwater artificial recharge (GAR) based on the most influential factors is an urgent need for retardation of saltwater intrusion and, thus, sustainability of groundwater resources in the arid zones. This study developed an overlay-index methodology to delineate favorable GAR zones by a linear combination of 11 influential thematic layers in ArcGIS. The proposed methodology was implemented on two coastal aquifer settings Sharif-Abad (SAA) and Qom-Kahak (QKA) aquifers adjacent to Salt Lake, Central Iran. Results indicated that 16.41% of the surface of SAA and 28.58% of QKA were identified as the high potential zone for GAR mainly located in low GW vulnerability parts. Based on the analysis of the area under the receptive operating curve (AUC), the produced GAR map has an accuracy of 0.643, and 0.611 for SAA and QKA aquifers, respectively, which relies on the acceptable limit. Finally, the quantity of water required for GAR to control the intrusion of seawater at the suitable parts of these aquifers was estimated as 25 MCM and 35 MCM, annually. The methodology adopted in this study can serve as a holistic assessment for the detection of SWI in coastal aquifers, and also a comprehensive blueprint for managers to delineate the favorable GAR zones, especially in arid regions.
Journal Article
Using GIS-based order weight average (OWA) methods to predict suitable locations for the artificial recharge of groundwater
This study aims to determine suitable locations for artificial recharge of groundwater (ARG) using the GIS-based analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and order weight average (OWA). To determine the weights of the different parameters, the AHP method of pair-comparison was used after preparing a fuzzy map for each attribute. After that, using the OWA–AHP method for different levels of confidence (different values), the weighting process was used for each parameter to produce land suitability maps of varied risks. In addition, the adaptive network-based fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) method was used to predict land suitability classes using input parameters. Then, using the best subset regression method, the most important effective ARG parameters were identified. Fuzzy-AHP results show that 27% of the area has “good” and “very good” conditions for ARG. Under low-level risk and no trade-off, the combined OWA–AHP method shows that the more area is in the “very low” class (80%) while in case of higher level of risk and average trade-off, the highest values are in the “very low” class (27%). The results of the ANFIS method indicate that both fuzzy c-means (FCM) and sub-clustering methods can be used to predict appropriate places for ARG. The results of the best subset regression method show that slope, lithology, land use, and altitude with the lowest Cp values (5.2) are effective parameters to determine the suitability of ARG locations.
Journal Article
Clogging risk of microplastics particles in porous media during artificial recharge: a laboratory experiment
Management aquifer recharge (MAR) technology is widely applied to solve seawater intrusion caused by groundwater overexploitation in coastal areas. However, MAR creates an important pathway for microplastics (particle size< 5 mm) to enter groundwater. To explore the clogging potential of microplastics in aquifer media, a series of laboratory-scale column experiments were conducted in this study. The hydraulic conductivity of porous media and deposition amount of microplastics were investigated under different experimental conditions. In our study, most of the microplastics were intercepted in the sand column’s surface layer. The difference of particle size in porous media greatly influence the clogging development. The hydraulic conductivity of the aquifer media decreased as the microplastic particle size decreased. When the particle size of microplastic was larger than 300 mm, most of the microplastics deposits on the surface of the porous media, forming a “microplastic accumulation layer”. Microplastics are affected by particle size, flow shear stress and preferential flow during migration. The migration ability of microplastics increased significantly with the increase of hydraulic head difference and decreased with the increase of sand column depth. The bacteria microorganisms are projected to be a new biological control strategy in conjunction with MAR. The study of clogging risk of microplastics particles in porous media during artificial recharge provides novel and unique insights for the management and control of microplastic pollution in groundwater systems.
Journal Article