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The article records my interview with Track Two Palestinian peace negotiator Hussein Agha. We discussed his own involvement in the peace process; the Oslo Accords; the Stockholm channel; the Beilin/Abu Mazen Agreement and Camp David 2000. We also discussed the qualities of the two Palestinian leaders who chose him for different assignments, Arafat and Abbas; the use of violence as a political weapon; Palestinian internal rivalries; the merits of Track Two negotiations, and the Palestinian Right of Return. The interview assesses the positive and negative lessons and implications of the peace process.

When El-Kurd was growing up in occupied Jerusalem, the people seeking to expel him from his neighborhood were Jewish, and their organizations often had \"Jewish\" in their name. So were the people who stole his home, scattered his furniture in the street and burned his baby sister's crib. The judges banging their gavels in favor of his expulsion were also Jewish, and so were the lawmakers whose laws facilitated and systematized his dispossession. The bureaucrat issuing--and sometimes revoking-- his blue ID cards was a Jew, and he especially despised him because a stroke of his pen stood between his father and his father's greatgreat- grandfather's city. As for the soldiers who were frisking him to check for those IDs, some were Druze, some Muslim, most of them Jewish, and all of them, according to his grandmother, were \"godless bastards.\" Those who administered the rifles and handcuffs, those who wrote the meticulous and murderous urban plans were--you guessed it.

Individuals and groups are frequently driven by underlying motivations--internal forces that guide behavior. These are often referred to as \"causes.\" Motivations serve as primary drivers behind a wide range of behaviors, including those that are harmful or morally questionable. Importantly, a single motivation can lead to multiple behaviors, and a specific behavior may arise from various motivations. While \"motivation\" denotes a broad category of internal forces prompting action. Here, Bar-Tal discusses the general principles of human behaviors in times of conflict.

This article elucidates the Palestinian Authority's (PA) criminal prohibition on the sale of land to Israelis and Jews and its application during the presidency of Mahmoud Abbas (Abu Mazen). The study of PA legislation, case law, public statements by prosecution authorities, and media coverage in PA-controlled areas reveals diverse normative foundations behind the sentences of five years to life imposed by the PA Attorney General on numerous defendants. While suspects of attempting or completing the sale of land to Jews risk grave bodily harm and mortal danger, the death penalty is not specified in PA legislation and has rarely been imposed (but never enforced). Such sales, even when they take place in Jerusalem or involve non-Jewish buyers, are deemed treasonous since they serve the Israeli settlement enterprise and weaken PA policy positions. Criminal proceedings in these cases impinge on the property rights and personal freedoms of vendors and constitute discrimination based on nationality and religion. The PA land-sale prohibition resembles restrictions from the British Mandate era, and both reflect the historical contest over the political status of the Land of Israel.

The formation of large and medium-sized gas fields in Sichuan basin is closely related to many main controlling factors, which have a significant control effect on oil and gas accumulation. Therefore, the analysis of gas reservoir types and main controlling factors of enrichment and high yield in Sichuan basin is put forward. Set up the basic framework of structural, stratigraphic, lithologic and fractured gas reservoirs, and analyze the geological background; The characteristics and main controlling factors of four gas reservoir types are explored, and on this basis, the concrete embodiment of sediment structure in the upper gas reservoir types in Sichuan Basin is analyzed, and the controlling effects of reservoir, structure and fracture are studied in the gentle fold area in central Sichuan. This paper analyzes the natural gas enrichment and high-yield models in western Sichuan thrust belt, northern Sichuan low-level fold belt and Xujiahe Formation. The experimental results show that this method can improve the analysis efficiency, effectively reduce the influence of data error and subjectivity on the analysis results, and the safety factor is high. With the passage of time, the permeability of gas reservoirs in different regions has decreased significantly.

Anne Bauer focuses in her academic and journalistic work on the MEN A region, where she has spent most of her professional and academic life. Having worked as a researcher for a variety of German and international organizations, she specializes in issues of displacement, migration, conflict transformation, and mediation. Among others, her past work has addressed the Syrian war and its ramifications for neighboring countries, the Palestinian cause in the Arab world, and the multifaceted crises affecting Lebanon. Pascal Bernhard is a Swiss journalist and analyst for political affairs in the MEN A region. After having studied Philosophy and Islamic Studies in Zurich, he completed a journalist traineeship at the Zenith magazine, and wrote numerous pieces and interviews about international relations in the region, culture and religion. In his studies, he focuses on the Golf countries and the power-dynamics of conflicts such as Israel-Palestine, Yemen and Libya.

Questions surrounding Israel's impending annexation of significant portions of Palestinian territory were tackled in a June 22 webinar hosted by the SETA Foundation in Washington DC. Lara Friedman, president of the Foundation for Middle East Peace, argued that the Trump administration should have been taken seriously three years ago, \"when they basically said that coming into office their goal was to erase the Oslo process, erase the peace process, roll US foreign policy back...to a setting which says there is one sole legitimate actor between the river and the sea--and it is Israel.\" The Trump White House has put the full weight of U.S. policy behind official annexation, which has been a de facto, ongoing process for decades. \"This administration does not care about whether annexation will spark conflict or destabilization,\" she said.

Golan offers her views with regards to US President Donald Trump's Deal of the Century. While the deal ignores the past, it offers a bleak future. The American plan unveiled on Jan 28,2020 was actually an American-Israeli plan. The Americans did not include the Palestinians in the process, as far as can be determined. They did not mediate a negotiation; there was no negotiation. Thus, problems of process that afflicted previous negotiations, such as Israel's ignoring the asymmetry between the Israelis and the Palestinians and demanding one-to-one compromises over the West Bank, were absent. Israel's assumption of exclusive right to the Occupied Palestinian Territory (OPT) -- part of which it might be \"generous\" enough to negotiate -- did not present an obstacle to the Trump plan, since there was no negotiating process. The only negotiations, if there were any, were between the American and the Israeli representatives.

In the aftermath of the October 7th 2023 bloodbath, which ignited pervasive academic discourse surrounding Israel and its position within the Middle East and North Africa region, longheld dichotomies between \"oppressing Westerners\" and \"oppressed Easterners\" have resurfaced with renewed force. The current debate echoes longstanding discussions that utilize critical race theory to analyze Ashkenazi Jewish settlers from East and Central Europe as \"White\" while occasionally labeling Jews from Islamic lands as \"Black.\" A prevalent argument among some historians of the Yishuv has held that Israel operates as a \"settlercolonial\" venture in which Ashkenazi Jews colonized Palestine, taking it from the indigenous Palestinians, and were consistently backed by British imperialism and, after 1948, by American influence. Here, Moreno and Karkason aim to highlight an even more substantial bias in the examination of the agency of MENA Jewish communities when viewed through such hierarchical lenses of a perceived East and West. This bias becomes most evident in the intersection of historical power dynamics between Muslims and Jews and the Jewish pursuit of self-determination and diaspora networks.

This study aims to shed light on Abu Mazen's leadership as the president of the Palestinian Authority (PA) since 2005. Based on several hundred of his speeches, the paper seeks to understand whether his leadership is transactional or transformational, focusing on four central issues that Abu Mazen has dealt with as president: the diplomatic/political process; the PA's relations with Hamas; the functioning of the internal security system; and the promotion of infrastructure for an independent state. The study's primary conclusion is that the Palestinian president is more of a transactional than a transformational leader. Basically, he is more passive than active, only willing to initiate if the initiative does not endanger his political status or lead to potential harm.