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ObjectivesOur study aimed to distinguish the ability of anthropometric indices to assess the risk of metabolic syndrome (MetS).DesignProspective cohort study.SettingShenyang, China.ParticipantsA total of 379 residents aged between 40 and 65 were enrolled. 253 of them were free of MetS and had been followed up for 4.5 years.MethodsAt baseline, all the participants underwent a thorough medical examination. A variety of anthropometric parameters were measured and calculated, including waist circumference (WC), body mass index (BMI), a body shape index (ABSI), abdominal volume index (AVI), body adiposity index, body roundness index, conicity index, waist-to-hip ratio and visceral adiposity index (VAI). After 4.5 year follow-up, we re-examined whether participants were suffering from MetS. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was applied to examine the potential of the above indices to identify the status and risk of MetS.OutcomesOccurrence of MetS.ResultsAt baseline, 33.2% participants suffered from MetS. All of the anthropometric indices showed clinical significance, and VAI was superior to the other indices as it was found to have the largest area under the ROC curve. After a 4.5 year follow-up, 37.8% of men and 23.9% of women developed MetS. ROC curve analysis suggested that baseline BMI was the strongest predictor of MetS for men (0.77 (0.68–0.85)), and AVI was the strongest for women (0.72 (0.64–0.79)). However, no significant difference was observed between WC and both indices. In contrast, the baseline ABSI did not predict MetS in both genders.ConclusionsThe present study indicated that these different indices derived from anthropometric parameters have different discriminatory abilities for MetS. Although WC did not have the largest area under the ROC curve for diagnosing and predicting MetS, it may remain a better index of MetS status and risk because of its simplicity and wide use.

Background Numerous studies have indicated an obesity paradox in observational research on aging health, where being normal weight or underweight adversely affects cognitive function, while moderate obesity may offer protective benefits. This study aims to investigate the association between body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), hip circumference (HC), waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), abdominal volume index (AVI), and the joint effect of BMI and HC on cognitive impairment in older Chinese people. Methods A total of 10,579 participants aged 65 years and older from the 2018 Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS) were included in this cross-sectional study. BMI, WC, HC, WHtR, WHR, and AVI were calculated from height, weight, WC, and HC measurements, where weight, WC, and HC were obtained by direct measurement. Mini-Mental State Examination was used to assess cognitive impairment. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were estimated using binary logistic regression. Non-linear correlations were investigated using restricted cubic spline curves. Results In multivariate logistic regression models fully adjusted for confounding variables, our analyses showed significant negative associations of WC [OR 0.93 (95%CI 0.88–0.98), P  = .012], HC [OR 0.92 (95%CI 0.87–0.97), P  = .004], lower WHR (Q2) [OR 0.85 (95%CI 0.72-1.00), P  = .044], and AVI [OR 0.93 (95%CI 0.88–0.98), P  = .011] with cognitive impairment. Nonlinear curve analysis showed that the risk of cognitive impairment was lowest when the BMI was about 25.5 kg/m², suggesting that the optimal BMI for older Chinese people to maintain good cognitive ability may be in the overweight range. In addition, there was a non-linear “N” shaped relationship between HC and cognitive impairment, with HC having the highest risk of cognitive impairment at about 82 cm and the lowest risk at about 101 cm. The joint effects analysis indicated that the lowest risk was observed among those with normal or higher BMI but higher HC compared with participants with normal BMI levels and lower HC levels. Conclusion In older Chinese people, a low-waisted and high-hip circumference body figure is favorable for cognitive function in older people. It also found a significant association between AVI and cognitive impairment. The joint analysis of BMI and HC suggests that maintaining a normal or higher BMI with a higher HC may be more conducive to maintaining good cognitive function.

Background Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has been entitled as metabolic-dysfunction associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD). Therefore anthropometric indicators of adiposity may provide a non-invasive predictive and diagnostic tool for this disease. This study intended to validate and compare the MAFLD predictive and diagnostic capability of eight anthropometric indicators. Methods The study involved a population-based retrospective cross-sectional design. The Fangchenggang area male health and examination survey (FAMHES) was used to collect data of eight anthropometric indicators, involving body mass index (BMI), waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), waist-hip ratio (WHR), body adiposity index (BAI), cardiometabolic index (CMI), lipid accumulation product (LAP), visceral adiposity index (VAI), and abdominal volume index (AVI). Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curves and the respective areas under the curves (AUCs) were utilized to compare the diagnostic capacity of each indicator for MAFLD and to determine the optimal cutoff points. Binary logistic regression analysis was applied to identify the odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) for all anthropometric indicators and MAFLD. The Spearman rank correlation coefficients of anthropometric indicators, sex hormones, and MAFLD were also calculated. Results All selected anthropometric indicators were significantly associated with MAFLD ( P  < 0.001), with an AUC above 0.79. LAP had the highest AUC [0.868 (95% CI, 0.853–0.883)], followed by WHtR [0.863 (95% CI, 0.848–0.879)] and AVI [0.859 (95% CI, 0.843–0.874)]. The cutoff values for WHtR, LAP and AVI were 0.49, 24.29, and 13.61, respectively. WHtR [OR 22.181 (95% CI, 16.216–30.340)] had the strongest association with MAFLD, regardless of potential confounders. Among all the anthropometric indicators, the strongest association was seen between LAP and sex hormones. Conclusion All anthropometric indicators were associated with MAFLD. WHtR was identified as the strongest predictor of MAFLD in young Chinese males, followed by LAP and AVI. The strongest association was found between LAP and sex hormones.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess the distribution of abdominal volume index (AVI) conicity index (C-Index) and weight adjusted waist index (WWI) attributes by sociodemographic and health characteristics in apparently healthy individuals (residents of the Janów Lubelski district in the eastern Poland). Additionally, the study examined whether sociodemographic and health characteristics differentiate the distribution of adipose tissue indicators in individuals with a normal body weight, defined as a BMI of less than 25 kg/m2. Methods: A total of 3752 apparently healthy respondents participated in the cross-sectional study. In order to determine the participants’ adipose tissue distribution, professionally trained nurses measured their anthropometric indices and interviewed them to assess the sociodemographic and health variables. Results: The study group’s mean values for anthropometric indices related to central adipose tissue distribution were as follows: C-Index 1.26 ± 0.088, AVI 18.28 ± 4.96 and WWI 10.63 ± 0.73. The three indices examined in multivariable analyses showed a significant relationship with age, gender, place of residence, education, living alone, smoking status, alcohol consumption and comorbidities (diabetes, hypertension and hypercholesterolemia). Conclusions: The study findings demonstrate a significant relationship between the level of specific anthropometric indices related to central adipose tissue distribution and sociodemographic and health-related variables. The employment of certain anthropometric indices related to central adipose tissue distribution, which are derived from waist circumference, can be beneficial in primary healthcare by potentially facilitating early prevention of cardiometabolic diseases.

AbstractIntroduction: The abdominal volume index (AVI), a novel anthropometric index that reflects abdominal obesity, has been related to atherosclerosis. We sought to investigate the association of AVI with the severity and burden of asymptomatic intracranial arterial stenosis (aICAS) in a rural Chinese population. Methods: The population-based cross-sectional study included 1,994 participants who were aged ≥40 years and living in Kongcun Town, Pingyin County, Shandong, and who had no history of clinical stroke or transient ischemic attack. We detected aICAS by combining transcranial Doppler ultrasound with magnetic resonance angiography. We used multiple logistic regression models to investigate the association between AVI and aICAS. Results: Of the 1,994 participants, 146 were diagnosed with aICAS, including 51 with mild aICAS and 95 with moderate-to-severe aICAS. Controlling for confounding factors, a greater AVI was significantly associated with an adjusted odds ratio (OR) (95% confidence interval [CI]) of 1.08 (1.02–1.14) for having aICAS, 1.11 (1.04–1.18) for moderate-to-severe aICAS, and 1.12 (1.01–1.23) for multiple moderate-to-severe aICAS. We detected a statistical interaction of AVI with hypertension on aICAS (p for interaction = 0.011). Stratified analysis by hypertension showed a significantly independent association between AVI and aICAS in participants with hypertension (upper versus lower tertile of AVI: OR = 2.90; 95% CI: 1.65–5.10, p < 0.001) but not in those without hypertension. Conclusion: A greater AVI is independently associated with aICAS, especially among individuals with hypertension. Moreover, AVI may help to identify both the severity and burden of aICAS.

Objectives Central obesity is a well-known risk factor of numerous disease. Numerous indicators are developed for central obesity measurement, among them, abdominal volume index (AVI), reflecting total volume of the abdomen , precisely estimates the visceral fat volume. As a relatively new health measure and potent prognostic marker of metabolic disturbances, no study is available to investigate its role in cardio-metabolic health and oxidized LDL among obese young adults. In the current study we aimed to evaluate the association between abdominal volume index (AVI) with cardio-metabolic profile including serum lipids, glycemic markers of serum glucose, hemoglobin (Hb) A 1 C, insulin, oxidized LDL and blood pressure among young obese adults. Methods Two hundred twenty young adults aged 18 to 25 years old with overweight or obesity were enrolled in the current study. Anthropometric measurements were done and AVI were calculated. Biochemical variables including serum total cholesterol (TC), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL), triglyceride (TG), glycemic markers, including fasting serum glucose (FBS), insulin, hemoglobin (Hb) A 1 C and blood pressure were also measured with an automatic analyzer. Results Participants in the third tertiles of AVI had higher body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) ( p  < 0.001 for all). Among biochemical variables, oxidized LDL, TG and HDL demonstrated significant associations across AVI tertiles in the first and second models, with higher oxidized LDL and TG and lower HDL levels observed in higher AVI tertiles ( p  < 0.05). Moreover, those at the highest AVI tertiles showed significantly higher odds ratios for elevated cardio-metabolic index and systolic and diastolic blood pressures compared to the first tertiles ( p  < 0.05). Conclusions In the current study, we comprehensively investigated the association between AVI with cardio-metabolic health in young obese adults and accordingly, AVI was unfavorably associated with metabolic health among obese adults. Further studies are needed to elaborate the underlying mechanisms. Clinical trial number Not applicable.

PurposePrevious research shows conflicting views on the relationship between obesity and osteoporosis, partly due to variations in obesity classification and the nonlinear nature of these relationships. This study investigated the association between adiposity indices and osteoporosis, diagnosed using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), employing nonlinear models and offering optimal thresholds to prevent further bone mineral density decline.MethodsIn 2019, a prospective study enrolled males over 50 years and postmenopausal women. Anthropometric measurements, blood biochemistry, and osteoporosis measured by DXA were collected. Associations between adiposity indices and osteoporosis were analyzed using a generalized additive model and segmented regression model.ResultsThe study included 872 women and 1321 men. Indices such as abdominal volume index (AVI), visceral adiposity index (VAI), waist circumference (WC), hip circumference, body mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip ratio, and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) were inversely associated with osteoporosis. In women, the relationship between the risk of osteoporosis and the adiposity indices was U-shaped, with thresholds of WC = 94 cm, AVI = 17.67 cm2, BMI = 25.74 kg/m2, VAI = 4.29, and WHtR = 0.61, considering changes in bone mineral density. Conversely, men exhibited a linear patterns for the inverse association.ConclusionThe impact of obesity and adiposity on osteoporosis varies significantly between women and men. In postmenopausal women, the relationship is nonlinear (U-shaped), with both very low and very high adiposity linked to higher osteoporosis risk. In men over 50, the relationship is linear, with higher adiposity associated with lower osteoporosis risk. The study suggests that maintaining specific levels of adiposity could help prevent osteoporosis in postmenopausal women.

Background B vitamins play a crucial role in the balance and metabolism of energy. Energy metabolism mainly benefits from the B-complex vitamins. Specifically, decarboxylation, transamination, acylation, oxidation, and reduction of substrates that are ultimately employed in energy intake require thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, and vitamin B6. Vitamin deficiency could lead to chronic disease occurrence. Objectives To assess the impact of energy-releasing B-vitamins intake (B1, B2, B3, and B6) on selected indices of obesity and cardiac function. Methods A cross-sectional study was performed on 491 apparently healthy adults (18-64 years old) between January and May 2019 at Hashemite University, Jordan. Anthropometric measurements were taken, lipid profiles were analyzed, and indices of obesity and cardiac function were calculated. The typical dietary intake of B1, B2, B3, and B6 vitamins was calculated. Results Conicity index (CI) and abdominal volume index (AVI) scores significantly decreased with the increased adjusted vitamin B1 and B6 intake. Also, body roundness index (BRI), weight-adjusted-waist index (WWI), lipid accumulation product (LAP), and atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) scores were decreased with the increase of adjusted B6 intake ( p<0.05). The total sample showed a significant inverse weak correlation between energy-adjusted intake of B1 and AVI (r= -0.156, p=0.001) and BRI (r= 0.111, p=0.014). Similar correlations were detected among male participants between energy-adjusted B1 intake and BAI, AVI, and BRI. Female participants had a significant weak inverse correlation between BAI and energy-adjusted B2 (r= -0.180, p=0.029) and B6 intake (r= -0.212, p=0.010). Only B1, the vitamin, significantly explained 2.43 and 1.24% of changes observed in the AVI and BRI scores, respectively ( p<0.05). Conclusions Increasing the consumption of B1, B2, and B6 may significantly lower values of indices of obesity and cardiac function regardless of sex differences. Thus reducing the occurrence of obesity and related coronary heart diseases.

Background Obesity is increasingly becoming a pandemic considering the many risks it pose to other disease conditions. Obesity is largely a measure of adiposity, however, adiposity is not centralized in the human body. This makes it difficult for any single method to adequately represent obesity and by extension the risks specific areas of adipose accumulation pose to specific disease conditions. Subjects/Methods We evaluated the prevalence of obesity in a cohort of Ghanaian women using the body mass index (BMI) and further sought to evaluate how it compares to other methods of estimating adiposity and the suitability of any particular methods representing obesity in general. We used anthropometry and bioimpedance derived measures of adiposity and derived other indices such as the abdominal volume index (AVI), body adiposity index (BAI) and conicity index (CI). Results Waist and hip circumference, body fat (%BF) and visceral fat (VF) were positively correlated to BMI whereas skeletal muscle mass was negatively correlated. Physical activity indices did not show any significant correlation with BMI. Prevalence of obesity was 16% and 31% using BMI and %BF respectively. Receiver operating characteristic analysis showed that whereas BMI is effective in predicting underweight, normal weight and obesity it was a poor predictor of overweight. Conclusions There was also no single measure that could adequately predict obesity as an accumulation fat. Hence, we developed and propose a model as a factor of BAI, %BF, VF and BMI. This model should correctly represent a person’s adiposity status and hence should be evaluated in large cohort studies.

Background: Some studies have provided the possibility that adipose tissue may mediate air pollution-induced lung dysfunction. Studies using quantified fat mass data are needed to understand the biological mechanisms between adipocyte and air pollution in lung function. We aimed to investigate whether abdominal adiposity measured by computed tomography (CT) modifies the effects of air pollution on lung function in Korean men. Methods: A total of 1876 men who visited one of two health checkup centers were recruited for this study. Adiposity traits such as visceral adipose tissue (VAT), subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) and total adipose tissue (TAT) areas were measured by CT. We used the annual mean concentrations of ambient air pollutants including nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ) and particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter ⩽10 μm (PM 10 ). Results: Interquartile range (IQR) increase in annual mean concentration of NO 2 was significantly associated with a 2.5% lower forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV 1 ) and 2.9% lower forced vital capacity (FVC) (both P <0.05). The decrease in lung function was more strongly associated with adiposity traits than with body mass index. In a stratified analysis of adiposity, compared with subjects with low-VAT area (VAT⩽200 cm 2 ), those with high-VAT area (VAT>200 cm 2 ) showed a rapid decrease in FEV 1 with each IQR increase in PM 10 ( β =–0.0812; 95% confidence interval (CI) =–0.1590, –0.0035) and NO 2 ( β =–0.0979; 95% CI=–0.1611, –0.0346). In the high-VAT group, each IQR increase in NO 2 content was significantly associated with a 10.6% decrease ( β =–0.1056; 95% CI=–0.1770, –0.0343) in FVC. SAT and TAT areas showed similar patterns. Conclusions: We report the first finding that abdominal adiposity intensifies the inverse relationship between air pollution and lung function.