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"Abduction"
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La IA en el discurs de les relacions entre tecnologia i educació
L'article revisa algunes de les relacions entre la IA i l'educació, i destaquen les metàfores utilitzades, les dificultats per trobar punts d'acord, així com aspectes de la crítica social que es fa a la IA (per exemple, considerar que pot ser una forma desviació no desitjada). La IA apareix com un cas més de tecnologia que ve a millorar l'educació, com va passar abans amb altres tecnologies menys “intel·ligents”, encara que ara amb més arguments a favor seu. En segon lloc, explora els mecanismes lògics (l'abducció) molt utilitzats en el raonament humà però també a la IA, mostrant com el seu ús descontrolat pot fer que determinats algorismes de conversa siguin capaços de mentir, cosa que els professors no farien. Es planteja una qüestió ètica més que lògica que mereix ser explorada més endavant.
The article reviews some of the relationships between AI and education, emphasizing the metaphors used, the difficulties in finding points of agreement, as well as aspects of the social criticism that is made of AI (e.g. considering that it can be a form of unwanted deviation). AI appears as one more case of technology that comes to improve education, as happened in the past with other less “intelligent” technologies, although now with more arguments in its favor. Secondly, it explores the logical mechanisms (abduction) that are widely used in human reasoning but also in AI, showing how their uncontrolled use can lead to certain conversation algorithms being able to lie, something that teachers would not do. An ethical rather than logical question is raised that deserves to be explored later.
El artículo revisa algunas de las relaciones entre la IA y la educación, destacando las metáforas utilizadas, las dificultades para encontrar puntos de acuerdo, así como aspectos de la crítica social que se hace a la IA (por ejemplo, considerar que puede ser una forma de desviación no deseada). La IA aparece como un caso más de tecnología que viene a mejorar la educación, como ocurrió antaño con otras tecnologías menos “inteligentes”, aunque ahora con más argumentos a su favor.
En segundo lugar, explora los mecanismos lógicos (la abducción) muy utilizados en el razonamiento humano pero también en la IA, mostrando cómo su uso descontrolado puede llevar a que determinados algoritmos de conversación sean capaces de mentir, algo que los profesores no harían. Se plantea una cuestión ética más que lógica que merece ser explorada más adelante.
Journal Article
Discovery Within Validation Logic
We propose a more explicit role for abductive reasoning, or the development of initial explanation, in hypothetico-deductive (H-D) inquiry. We begin by describing the roots of abduction in pragmatism and its role in exploration and discovery. Recognizing that pragmatism treats abductive reasoning as inevitable, we argue that it can also be a deliberate form of reasoning in scientific inquiry, articulating the unique place it can have in hypothetico-deductive theorizing. We explain the opportunities from surfacing abductive reasoning in H-D where it already exists; from explicitly acknowledging abductive reasoning as a complement in building logical chains in H-D; and from using abductive reasoning as a substitute for H-D logic when a body of knowledge exhibits inconsistent, contradictory, or discrepant results. We elaborate strategies for data search and selection, data production and compilation, and analytical corroboration. Our overall argument is that the deliberate use of abductive reasoning in hypothetico-deductive projects has distinct advantages stemming from an explicitly tight connection between data and theory. We end by explaining the benefits of actively recognizing the role of abductive reasoning in organizational and management theorizing.
Journal Article
Demonstration, extension, and refinement of the re-proposed notion of design abduction
The original ideas on design abduction, inspired by treatments in philosophy of science, had a narrow conception on how novelty emerges in design, when looked at in terms of logic. The authors have previously presented a re-proposed notion of abduction in design, taking the differences between science and design into account. Now, in this article, the invention of the airplane by the Wright brothers is analyzed as a retrospective case study. Key parts of the re-proposed notion of design abduction are demonstrated, and two new types of design abduction are identified, namely strategic abduction and dynamic abduction. Perhaps even more importantly, a new hypothesis on the cognitive basis of design abduction is reached. While the importance of model-based abduction (and reasoning) is confirmed, the case also pinpoints the central role of verbalization and discussion in supporting design reasoning in general and especially abduction. All in all, it seems that an improved understanding of design abduction and its cognitive basis would be instrumental in promoting more effective and efficient designing.
Journal Article
Case Study Method: A Step-by-Step Guide for Business Researchers
Qualitative case study methodology enables researchers to conduct an in-depth exploration of intricate phenomena within some specific context. By keeping in mind research students, this article presents a systematic step-by-step guide to conduct a case study in the business discipline. Research students belonging to said discipline face issues in terms of clarity, selection, and operationalization of qualitative case study while doing their final dissertation. These issues often lead to confusion, wastage of valuable time, and wrong decisions that affect the overall outcome of the research. This article presents a checklist comprised of four phases, that is, foundation phase, prefield phase, field phase, and reporting phase. The objective of this article is to provide novice researchers with practical application of this checklist by linking all its four phases with the authors’ experiences and learning from recently conducted in-depth multiple case studies in the organizations of New Zealand. Rather than discussing case study in general, a targeted step-by-step plan with real-time research examples to conduct a case study is given.
Journal Article
Away from the dark
Nine months ago, Sara Adams awoke with no memory. The man holding her hand told her she's a member of The Light, a tight-knit religious group led by the terrifying and charismatic Father Gabriel. As a woman in the community of The Light, her duty is to be unquestionably obedient and to submit to the will of her husband. But as Sara's memory starts to return and she remembers her past, she sees that everything she's been told is a lie. The Light is an insidious and dangerous organization, and its corrupting influence reaches well beyond the confines of the remote campus where Sara is being held. With everything at stake, Sara struggles to sort out her true memories from her indoctrination. The desire to escape consumes her, but who can she trust? And which other followers of The Light were forced into this life, brainwashed to believe they belonged? The more she remembers, the more it becomes clear that Jacob, the man who calls himself her husband, is keeping shattering secrets of his own. But Sara cannot flee alone, leaving innocents behind. She must fight to extinguish The Light.--Cover [page 4].
Book
Theory Construction in Qualitative Research
A critical pathway for conceptual innovation in the social is the construction of theoretical ideas based on empirical data. Grounded theory has become a leading approach promising the construction of novel theories. Yet grounded theory–based theoretical innovation has been scarce in part because of its commitment to let theories emerge inductively rather than imposing analytic frameworks a priori. We note, along with a long philosophical tradition, that induction does not logically lead to novel theoretical insights. Drawing from the theory of inference, meaning, and action of pragmatist philosopher Charles S. Peirce, we argue that abduction, rather than induction, should be the guiding principle of empirically based theory construction. Abduction refers to a creative inferential process aimed at producing new hypotheses and theories based on surprising research evidence. We propose that abductive analysis arises from actors’ social and intellectual positions but can be further aided by careful methodological data analysis. We outline how formal methodological steps enrich abductive analysis through the processes of revisiting, defamiliarization, and alternative casing.
Journal Article