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Geopolymer (GP) concrete is a novel construction material that can be used in place of traditional Portland cement (PC) concrete to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and effectively manage industrial waste. Fly ash (FA) has long been utilized as a key constituent in GPs, and GP technology provides an environmentally benign alternative to FA utilization. As a result, a thorough examination of GP concrete manufactured using FA as a precursor (FA-GP concrete) and employed as a replacement for conventional concrete has become crucial. According to the findings of current investigations, FA-GP concrete has equal or superior mechanical and physical characteristics compared to PC concrete. This article reviews the clean production, mix design, compressive strength (CS), and microstructure (Ms) analyses of the FA-GP concrete to collect and publish the most recent information and data on FA-GP concrete. In addition, this paper shall attempt to develop a comprehensive database based on the previous research study that expounds on the impact of substantial aspects such as physio-chemical characteristics of precursors, mixes, curing, additives, and chemical activation on the CS of FA-GP concrete. The purpose of this work is to give viewers a greater knowledge of the consequences and uses of using FA as a precursor to making effective GP concrete.

Water contamination is a major issue due to industrial releases of hazardous heavy metals. Copper ions are among the most dangerous heavy metals owing to their carcinogenicity and harmful effects on the environment and human health. Adsorption of copper ions using alkali activated materials synthesized through the polycondensation reaction of an alkali source and aluminosilicates is the most promising technique, and has a high adsorption capability owing to a large surface area and pore volume. This research focuses on the effect of the alkaline activator ratio, which is a sodium silicate to sodium hydroxide ratio. Various exposing temperatures on metakaolin based alkali activated materials on a surface structure with excellent functional properties can be used as adsorbent materials for the removal of copper ions. A variety of mix designs were created with varying sodium silicate to sodium hydroxide ratios, with a fixed sodium hydroxide molarity, metakaolin to alkali activator ratio, hydrogen peroxide, and surfactant content of 10 M, 0.8, 1.00 wt%, and 3.0 wt%, respectively. Most wastewater adsorbents need high sintering temperatures, requiring an energy-intensive and time-consuming manufacturing process. In this way, metakaolin-based alkali activated materials are adsorbent and may be produced easily by solidifying the sample at 60 °C without using much energy. The specific surface area, water absorption, microstructure, phase analysis, functional group analysis, and adsorption capability of copper ions by metakaolin based alkali activated materials as adsorbents were evaluated. The water absorption test on the samples revealed that the sodium silicate to sodium hydroxide 0.5 ratio had the highest water absorption percentage of 36.24%, superior pore size distribution, and homogeneous porosity at 60 °C, with a surface area of 24.6076 m[sup.2]/g and the highest copper ion uptake of 63.726 mg/g with 95.59% copper ion removal efficiency at adsorption condition of pH = 5, a dosage of 0.15 g, 100 mg/L of the initial copper solution, the temperature of 25 °C, and contact time of 60 min. It is concluded that self-supported metakaolin based alkali activated material adsorbents synthesized at low temperatures effectively remove copper ions in aqueous solutions, making them an excellent alternative for wastewater treatment applications.

This study examines the strength development of fly ash-based geopolymer (FAG) as a stabilizer for road base material for pavement construction. In the last decade, there has been a rapid development of conventionally treated bases, such as cement-treated bases. However, a major problem with this kind of application is the shrinkage cracking in cement-treated bases that may result in the reflection cracks on the asphalt pavement surface. This study explores the effects of FAG on base layer properties using mechanistic laboratory evaluation and its practicability in pavement base layers. The investigated properties are flexural strength (FS), unconfined compressive strength (UCS), shrinkage, and resilient modulus (RM), as well as indirect tensile strength (ITS). The findings showed that the mechanical properties of the mixture enhanced when FAG was added to 80–85% of crushed aggregate, with the UCS being shown to be a crucial quality parameter. The effectiveness of FAG base material can have an impact on the flexible pavements’ overall performance since the base course stiffness directly depends on the base material properties. As a stabilizing agent for flexible pavement applications, the FAG-stabilized base appeared promising, predicated on test outcomes.

Today, the building and construction sector demands environmentally friendly and sustainable protective coatings using inorganic coating materials for safe, non-hazardous, and great performance. Many researchers have been working on sustainable solutions to protect concrete and metal infrastructures against corrosion and surface deterioration with the intention of introducing green alternatives to conventional coatings. This article presents a review of developments of geopolymer pastes doped with different types of photocatalyst precursors including factors affecting geopolymer properties for enhancing coating with photocatalytic performance. Photodegradation using geopolymer photocatalyst has great potential for resolving harmless substances and removing pollutants when energized with ultraviolet (UV) light. Although geopolymer is a potentially new material with great properties, there has been less research focusing on the development of this coating. This study demonstrated that geopolymer binders are ideal precursor support materials for the synthesis of photocatalytic materials, with a significant potential for optimizing their distinctive properties.

Numerous researchers have successfully made alkali-activated material or geopolymer using fly ash, ground granulated blast furnace slag, or metakaolin, either individually or in combination. However, few researchers first determined the reactive Si:Al of their solid precursor and then used this information to develop a formulation with a specific targeted Si:Al for their alkali-activated material. Even if a targeted Si:Al is chosen, few researchers check if the actual Si:Al of the geopolymer matches the targeted values. Characterisation of the precursor, setting target Si:Al values for the geopolymer and verifying target Si:Al values are present in the geopolymer are all part of quality control and essential if high quality products are to be manufactured. Quality control is critical but does not provide the target Si:Al value. This work presents results from a range of geopolymers made with different Si:Al values using sodium aluminate, sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate, either by themselves or in combination. Results reveal, surprisingly, for samples tested, that compressive strength exhibits a maximum for samples with Si:Al less than and greater than the starting Si:Al of the precursor. A strength minimum was found to be present close to the starting Si:Al of the precursor and between the strength maxima. This new information extends the usability range of aluminosilicate precursors and at the same time, makes available a broader range of applications based on Si:Al. Selection of an optimum Si:Al for a geopolymer based on strength can only be made when first a complete spectrum of Si:Al ratios have been evaluated.

In early Islamic economics, five different dimensions of analysis are broadly identified. First, economic issues have been discussed by Mufassirin in the light of the Holy Quran. For instance, discussions on the prohibition of usury and the encouragement of economic activities for human welfare. Second; economic issues have been discussed in the light of Fiqh. For example the legal aspects of Mudharibah and Musharikah have been dealt within this discipline in great detail. Third; economic matters have been discussed by Muslims in the light of ethical system of Islam for moral development. The works of Ulama, Sufis, Muslim philosophers and reformers come under this category. Fourthly, some good pieces of works, related to economics have been written by some great scholars of Islam in response to the needs of their times while holding important government offices. The works related to public finance, public revenues, land tax, public expenditure fall under this category. The book Kitab al Kharaj by Imam Abu Yusuf is one such example. Finally some Islamic Scholars and philosophers have provided objective analysis in the field of economics. The analysis made by Imam Ghazzali, Ibn Taimiyah, Ibn Khaldun and lately by Shah Waliullah Dehlwi fall under this category.

This study delivers a comparative theoretical study between the Arabic Abbasid classic poet A-Waleed Al-Bohtory and the English poet William Wordsworth. This study relies on analytical and descriptive methods that focus on analyzing the theoretical concepts and studying them based on these two poets’ literary legacy. The significance of this study is to provide a comparative investigation between these Western and Eastern poets to find some mutual similarities and theoretical background of both, to help the researchers of the discipline in the future. Al-Bohtory and Wordsworth present imaginative, descriptive, analytical, rustic and simple poetic stanzas to simulate and enjoy their surrounding objects, for instance Nature. They depict nature as a place of tranquility, peace, and happiness at the end. They portray similar imaginative and descriptive images of Spring, pools, birds, animals, and forests. These two poets were influenced by other contemporary poets at their time as Coleridge and Abu-Tammam. These contemporary poets for Wordsworth and Al-Bohtory are like their poetic spark and inspiration.

This study tackles the representation of nature in poetry, mainly in Wordsworth’s and Al-Bohtory’s poems. This study is based on the theoretical and analytical approaches of Russian Formalism that focuses on studying the linguistic aspects of the literary texts. Russian Formalism studies texts through “structures, imagery, syntax, rhyme scheme, paradox, personification and other literary devices” (Bressler, 2011, p. 49). The significance of the study lies in its purpose to introduce a comparison between two different poets whose cultural backgrounds, languages, traditions and societies are different. Wordsworth sees nature as the perfect place for tranquility and pleasure. He emphasizes that man and nature as basically adapted to each other, and the mind of man as the machine of depicting nature. Wordsworth states that this pleasure comes from the human’s interaction with nature in its fascinating images of Spring, flowers, clouds, horses, rivers, castles, seas, gardens, and animals generally. Al-Bohtory also presents nature as a place of pleasure and peace; he accentuates the profound relationship between nature and man, and how nature is admired by humans in its beautiful views. He explains that the beautiful images of nature affect the human’s mind and soul. Al-Bohtory portrays most of his poems in marvelous images of nature, such as Spring, horses, clouds, rivers, animals, castles, seas, and flowers. These two poets seek to glorify nature and its magnificent impact on humans’ life and pleasure.

[[Muhammad Abu-Ubayd]] Ahmad al-Jarba, chairman of the Syrian National Coalition, will arrive in Cairo from Saudi Arabia on a visit, during which he will hold talks with Arab League Secretary General Nabil al-Arabi, Egyptian Foreign Minister Nabil Fahmi, and other Egyptian officials. Haytham al-Malih, chairman of the coalition's Legal Committee, said Al-Jarba will discuss with officials in Cairo developments of the Syrian crisis, in addition to recent measures regarding the entry of Syrians into Egypt. According to these measures, Syrians should get an entry visa and security approval in advance. Al-Jarba will discuss the possibility of going back on these measures. In the meantime, US Pentagon officials warned against the extremists' domination and expansion of their influence in Syria with the perpetuation of the conflict in the country. The New York Times quoted David Shedd, deputy director of the US Defence Intelligence Agency [DIA], as saying the United States is facing two dilemmas, considering it naive to arm the secular fighters and leave the Al-Nusrah Front fighters unchecked.

Asked whether this bombing is considered a \"security breach of a sensitive area that has great security significance\", Hushan says: \"As I told you before, what gives this bombing a special quality is the place in which it took place.\" He adds: \"The booby-trapped car that targeted this building must be a small car.\" Asked whether he has information about the \"bombing, which was termed suicide bombing\", Al-Sadiq says: \"The bombing has targeted the National Security Centre in the Al-Rawdah area, between the Al-Rawdah and Al-Jisr al-Abyad. There is no confirmed information. However, a source close to the Defence Ministry spoke about reports on the killing of [Syrian Defence Minister] Dawud Rajihah who was present in a meeting when the bombing took place.\" Asked \"to what extent you consider this a qualitative development on the level of the revolutionary action\", Al-Libwani says: \"This is certainly a very important qualitative achievement. This is also an important message to anyone who wants to understand. This message says that your people are against you and do not fight the people. The people cannot be fought or defeated.\" He adds: \"This regime should understand that it cannot resist the people and therefore, it should leave before shedding further blood. The threats of killing the people, shelling cities, and using chemical weapons will not be of any use. I denounce the Russians who encourage this regime to confront its people in this way and who supplies it with weapons. The Russians and others should come to understand that the veto will not protect the regime from its people.\"