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An endophytic bacterium, AL2-16, was isolated from Achyranthes aspera L. It was characterized and identified as Serratia sp. AL2-16 and was experimented for the presence of plant growth-promoting properties. AL2-16 produced siderophore in iron-deficient conditions. The quantitative estimation of siderophore production unit of AL2-16 was maximum after 48 hours of incubation (83.488%) in the presence of 1 μM of ferric chloride. The fructose followed by glucose and sucrose were proved to be the best carbon sources resulting in appreciable amount of siderophore production, i.e. 77.223%, 73.584%, and 65.363% respectively. AL2-16 also has the ability to produce indole acetic acid in medium supplemented with l-tryptophan. The highest amount of indole acetic acid, in the presence of 1.0% l-tryptophan, was 123.2 μg/mL after 144 hours. This isolate solubilized inorganic phosphate and also gave positive result for ammonia production. Colonization and pot trial experiments were conducted on A. aspera L. plant. The population of AL2-16 increased from 16.2 × 106 to 11.2 × 108 colony forming unit/g between 3rd and 5th days after inoculation. It significantly (p ≤ 0.05) increased shoot length by 95.52%, fresh shoot weight by 602.38%, fresh root weight by 438%, and area of leaves by 127.2% when inoculated with AL2-16, as compared with uninoculated control.

The various fractions of leaves of L. ( have not yet been explored scientifically for in-vivo wound healing and anti-inflammatory activities. The objective of this study was, therefore, to evaluate in-vivo wound healing and anti-inflammatory activities of solvent fractions of 80% methanol leaf extract of in rats. The 80% methanol leaf extract of was fractionated with chloroform, n-butanol and water. Wound healing and anti-inflammatory activities were evaluated using excision and incision wound models, rat paw edema and cotton pellet-induced granuloma models, respectively. For wound healing activity, fractions were evaluated at 5 and 10% ointments. The positive control groups were treated with nitrofurazone 0.2% ointment. Simple ointment treated for excision wound model and untreated for incision wound model rats were assigned as negative controls. For anti-inflammatory activity, fractions were evaluated at 100, 200 and 400mg/kg. Positive control groups were treated with indomethacin 10mg/kg for both rat paw edema and cotton pellet-induced granuloma models. The 2% Tween 80 treated rats were assigned as negative controls for both anti-inflammatory activity models. All groups comprised of 6 rats and treatment administrations were made topically and orally for evaluation of wound healing and anti-inflammatory activities. The 10% w/w chloroform fraction ointment revealed a high percentage of wound contraction and reduced period of epithelialization (p <0.01). Chloroform fraction was also found to be the most active fraction, which demonstrated the maximum percentage inhibition of edema (52.50%; p <0.01) and transudative and proliferative component of chronic inflammation (37.52 and 52.81%; p <0.01), which was comparable to indomethacin. Data obtained from this study collectively indicated that a chloroform fraction of 80% methanol leaf extract of possessed significant wound healing and anti-inflammatory activities.

Endometritis is an important factor in cattle fertility. Pathogenicity and the development of numerous reproductive diseases are directly related to bacterial imbalance in the genital tract. A commercial antibiotic can be relatively costly and can disrupt the animal’s usual gut microflora; instead of plant medicals. The aim of this study was to develop an effective artificial insemination (AI) gel from traditional Thai herbs that exhibit bacterial inhibition. Twenty-four female Thai native cattle were divided into two groups: endometritis and healthy. Uterine swabs were isolated, identified, and tested for bacterial biofilm formation in vitro. Brucella ovis, Campylobacter fetus, Helicobacter trogontum, andArcobacter cryaerophilus were found in female genitalia with endometritis based on weak biofilm information. Garcinia mangostana Linn. and Achyranthes aspera Linn. extracts were tested for antibacterial activity using agar dilution assay. A 10 µg/mL concentration of both extracts in combination was effective against the mixed bacterial isolation. The specific AI gel with those extracts was then developed (so-called GA-Gel)in vivo. The combined extracts inhibited the endometritis bacteria that expressed antimicrobial activity in vivo. Their hematological profiles indicated that the total white blood cells, neutrophils, and lymphocytes counts decreased (p≤0.05). Compared to healthy cattle, the treated cattle had no significant difference in the levels of aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and creatinine. Both in vivo and in vitro indicated that the GA-Gel was effective for the prevention of an increase of bacteria and can be potentially developed to be an efficient AI gel.

Medicinal plant-based biocompatible nanomaterials have become increasingly important in the healthcare field. Zeolitic imidazole (ZIF-8) frameworks are fascinating porous crystalline materials that have great attention in the field of drug delivery due to their biodegradability, pH sensitivity to changes in acidic conditions, and chemical durability. The development of ZIF-8 particles loaded with Achyranthes aspera extract (AA) and the evaluation of their anticancer properties are the primary findings of this study. Various spectroscopy and macroscopic strategies were utilized to completely investigate the material characteristics of the AA@ZIF-8 nanocomposite. MTT results of the AA@ZIF-8 nanocomposite demonstrated significant anticancer potential against A549 cells with an IC 50 value of 63.22 ± 0.03 μg/mL. Fluorescent microscopy investigations have demonstrated that enhanced levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) can lead to DNA damage, which could be the possible cause for the cytotoxic effects of an AA@ZIF-L nanocomposite on the A549 cells. The materials’ biocompatibility has been proven via the Artemia salina acute toxicity test. The Artemia salina acute toxicity assay results confirmed that the nanocomposites’ LC 50 value was 160.13 ± 2.82 μg/mL, with a nontoxic nature. According to the research findings, AA@ZIF-8 nanocomposite is a promising biocompatible material for drug delivery system for lung cancer therapy and other biomedical applications.

Achyranthes aspera L. (Amaranthaceae), an herbaceous roadside weed in various parts of India, has several therapeutic uses, including the treatment against cancer. This investigation was undertaken to identify the bioactive compounds conferring cytotoxicity to the extracts from its biomass. The powdered leaf, stem, and root biomass was extracted separately in ethyl acetate, acetone, ethanol, and methanol. Each extract was tested against the HeLa cell line for the cytotoxicity, but the root-acetone extract was the most cytotoxic. This extract revealed eleven bands. The solution obtained from the ninth band (Rf = 0.87±0.06) exhibited more than 90% inhibition of HeLa cells. The LCMS analysis of this solution showed the presence of 37 compounds, out of which few compounds had been reported from different plants to possess cytotoxicity in various systems.

Achyranthes bidentata and Achyranthes aspera are saponin and steroid rich medicinal plants,used extensively for therapeutic treatments in Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM)and Ayurveda.A.bidentata is reported to be one of the rare and extensively exploited medicinal plant species that face the issue of being endangered.Finding qualitative substitute with identical phyto-constituents contributing to similar composition and pharmacological benefits will help in reducing the burden of exploitation of the natural habitats of such plants.In the present study,a comparative metabolite analysis of the whole drug and specific tissues isolated by laser micro-dissection(LMD)was carried out for both the selected species,by use of ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry(UHPLC-QTOF MS).The results of the study indicate that the cortex and the medullary ray tissues are rich in their content of steroidal and saponin constituents such as(25S)-inokosterone-20,22-acetonide,ginsenoside Ro,bidentatoside II and achyranthoside B.Metabolite profiling of the whole tissues of both the species indicates presence of identical constituents.Thus,it is inferred that A.bidentata and A.aspera can be used as qualitative substitutes for each other.

Leishmania donovani is an obligatory intracellular digenetic parasite transmitted by insects, causing serious global health problems as it is endemic to most developing countries. Extensive use of antimony compounds as drugs poses high toxicity and cost; therefore, herbal medicine has identified a position. This study explored the developmental and biochemical characteristics of L. donovani promastigote and the effect of ethanolic extract of Achyranthes aspera Linn (Amaranthaceae) plant on it. The parasites were incubated at 2.5×106 cells/well for 72 h at 23 °C in the presence of various concentrations of extract (µg/mL) dissolved in 1% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) with sterile phosphate-buffered saline and 1% DMSO as negative controls and meglumine antimoniate as positive control. Friedman’s repeated measures analysis showed that 96hr of development is the junction point in promastigotes ontogeny. Post 96hr, it grows with a long stationary phase with higher enzymatic activities of acid phosphatase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione (oxidized and reduced). Total protein estimated showed a linear relationship (R2 = 0.999). Phytochemical screening of the plant extract showed the presence of alkaloid, flavonoid, fixed oil and fats, saponin, tannin and phenolic compounds. It showed an effectual free radical scavenging in the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay with an inhibitory concentration IC50 value of 61.70 µg/ml. At a concentration of 250 µg/mL, the plant extract completely inhibited the promastigotes in vitro while at 50 µg/mL and 100 µg/mL, the survival level declined by 25-50%. These findings corroborate the ethnopharmacological use of this plant for the treatment of leishmaniasis caused by L. donovani.

Background Obesity, reached epidemic proportions globally is often associated with life threatening comorbidities. The unavailability of safe and effective long term medications for obesity in modern pharmacotherapy forces the scientific community to explore the potential of Ayurvedic traditional healers as they are considered safe and effective. Objective To explore the anti-obesity potential of aqueous extract of aerial parts of Achyranthes aspera L. (AEAA), a traditional healer in high fat diet (HFD) induced obese rats. Methods AEAA was prepared and subjected to in-vitro pancreatic lipase inhibition assay and in-vivo anti-obesity studies. For in-vivo studies, HFD fed obese prone Wistar albino rats were divided into five experimental groups (Group II to VI): animals fed with standard pellet chow served as normal control (Group I) while, animals continued with HFD alone served as obese control (Group II); Group III, IV and V were administered AEAA at a dose of 100, 200 and 300 mg/kg b.w. respectively along with HFD; and animals administered orlistat (30 mg/kg bw) along with HFD served as standard control (Group VI). All the drugs were administered orally once a day for a period of 60 days. At the end of the experimental period various physical, biochemical and histopathological observations were made. Results In-vitro studies showed AEAA partially but not significantly inhibited the activity of pancreatic lipase. Data of in-vivo studies revealed, significant reduction in body weights, fat pad weights and organ weights upon AEAA treatment. Elevated levels of glucose, insulin, leptin, lipid profiles and antioxidant status were also brought back to normal. Conclusion The obtained results clearly suggested that AEAA possess pronounced anti-obesity potential.

Activated carbons were prepared from the stem parts of Achyranthes aspera and Allamanda blanchetii plants and were investigated as adsorbents for the removal of malachite green dye from contaminated water. Various extraction conditions such as pH, initial concentration of dye, adsorbent dosage, temperature, agitation time and presence of co-ions were optimized for the maximum possible extraction of the dye. For analyzing the combined effect of these parameters on the removal efficiency of the adsorbents, statistical optimization modelling was adopted. The adsorbents developed were characterized and the adsorption abilities were observed to be 40.0 mg/g and 53.0 mg/g for the active carbons of Achyranthes aspera and Allamanda blanchetii plants respectively. The mechanism of adsorption was studied using various isotherm models and it was found that the Freundlich model describes well the adsorption process. Thermodynamic studies revealed the endothermic and spontaneous nature of physisorption. The kinetics of adsorption were well defined by the pseudo-second-order model. Desorption and regeneration studies of the spent adsorbents indicated that the percentage of extraction has not come down below 80.0% even after five regenerations for both the adsorbents. The validity of the methods developed are tested with real dye-polluted industrial effluent samples.

Background. Ultraviolet (UV-B) radiation affects the immune system of fish. Dietary supplementation of natural immunostimulants may enhance the immunity of fish. The presently reported investigation evaluates the UV-B protective property of Achyranthes aspera seed in larvae of rohu, Labeo rohita (Hamilton, 1822). Materials and methods. Larvae (1.19 plus or minus 0.03 g) were fed four formulas of diet containing 0.0% (control), 0.1%, 0.5%, and 1.0% Achyranthes aspera seeds. After 51 days, larvae of each feeding treatment were divided into two groups. One groups was exposed to UV-B radiation (80 mu W times cm super(-2)) and the other one remained unexposed. Results. Average weight of fish was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in fish fed 0.5%-seed-supplemented diet (compared to other treatments). UV-B radiation affected the growth of fish fed 0.1%-seed-supplemented- and control diets; other two treatments remained unaffected. Total serum protein-, albumin-, and globulin levels were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in exposed fish compared to the unexposed ones. Among the exposed groups, serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase and serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase levels were minimum in fish fed 1.0%-seed-supplemented diet, whereas the highest levels of myeloperoxidase, hemagglutination titre, and white blood cells were found in fish fed 0.5%-seed-supplemented diet. Conclusion. Dietary supplementation of A. aspera seed at 0.5% level enhanced the growth and immunity of UV-B exposed fish.