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Quaternized kenaf core fiber (QKCF) was used as an adsorbent for adsorption of anionic Acid Blue-25 (AB) and anionic Acid Green-25 (AG) dyes. Chemical treatment with (3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl) trimethylammonium chloride under basic condition was applied in order to alter the surface properties of the raw kenaf core fiber. Adsorption studies were carried out to delineate the effect of initial dye concentration, temperature and pH on removal of dyes. The results show that the percentage removal of Acid Blue-25 and Acid Green-25 dyes were increased by increasing the concentrations of dyes. In addition, the maximum percentage removal was 99.8% and 99.65% for Acid Blue-25 and Acid Green-25, respectively. Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin isotherm models were applied to analyze the data for dye adsorption at 15℃, 25℃, 35℃, and 45℃. The experimental data were best represented by the Langmuir model with maximum adsorption capacity of 303.03 mg/g and 344.83 mg/g for Acid Blue-25 and Acid Green-25 dyes, respectively, at 15℃, and the kinetic data for both dyes were best represented by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Thermodynamic studies indicated that the reactions of Acid Blue-25 and Acid Green-25 dyes were endothermic. It was concluded that QKCF adsorbent can be utilized as an efficient low-cost adsorbent for removal of anionic dyes.

Abstract Release of untreated effluent from processing or manufacturing industries and other commercial premises into water bodies is a major threat to environment and human health. In this regard, the effluent generated from laboratories and other research facilities is of great concern. Among other harmful chemicals, the effluent is rich in toxic organic dyes, which get exposed to the environment and pose serious health risk. The dyes used in nucleic acid analysis specially the DNA dyes are known for their teratogenicity and mutagenic potential, which mainly depends upon the organism and circumstances under which it is exposed. Among animals and humans, exposure to theses dyes may lead to irritation in mouth, eyes and respiratory tract and many other possible effects which are yet to be explored. To overcome these problems, dyes present in the effluents from laboratories must be degraded to non-toxic forms. Various strategies have been proposed and investigated for degradation and remediation of contaminated laboratory effluent. As a modern and cost-effective technique, biodegradation using microbes and plants is potentially eco-friendly and sustainable technique for detoxifying these dyes. In this article, we have discussed and reviewed the structure, properties and toxicity profile of prominent nucleic acid dyes, along with the strategies of remediation of laboratory effluents contaminated with these dyes. In addition, we have also discussed the feasibility and limitations of these remediation strategies and identified research gaps that can help researchers to explore more effective solutions to manage this area of great concern. We have also reviewed various less toxic alternatives of these common as safer options of these dyes.

•Crystal formation of Diamond Nucleic Acid Dye was observed on latent touch DNA.•Spray application eliminated the formation of crystals on the substrate surface.•The ethanol water ratio did not affect the fluorescence activity of the dye.•The approach improved the visualisation of latent fingerprints and touch DNA. [Display omitted] A targeted sampling approach of latent DNA, deposited when a person makes contact with a surface, can prove challenging during crime scene or evidence processing, with the sampling of latent DNA often relying on the expert judgement from crime scene officers and forensic examiners. As such, the ability to use the quick and robust screening tool Diamond™ Nucleic Acid Dye (DD) was explored, with a focus on the visualisation of latent DNA on non-porous substrates, namely polypropylene, acrylic, aluminium, PVC composite material, glass, and crystalline silicon. The application of DD was performed according to methods reported in literature, where 10 µL of the dye solution (20-fold dilution of DD in 75% EtOH) was applied onto a variety of non-porous substrates via a micropipette and then subsequently visualised using a portable fluorescence microscope. It was discovered that there was scope for improvement in the reported methods due to the observation of crystal formations on all test substrates upon drying of the DD, resulting in the impaired visualisation of latent DNA and fingerprint detail. Thus, changes to the EtOH water ratio of the dye solution, and changes to the mode of dye application from a micropipette to a spray application, were explored to improve the drying time of the dye and mitigate the formation of crystals. While changes to the EtOH water ratio did not improve the overall drying time, the mode of dye application enhanced visualisation, with a spray application eliminating the formation of crystals no matter the EtOH water ratio. Visualisation with a portable Dino-Lite and Zeiss Widefield fluorescence microscope were also explored, with the Zeiss Widefield fluorescence microscope proving to be useful in whole print imaging and a more efficient imaging tool in a laboratory setting.

•Described is a new fluorescence microscopy-based method to visualise latent DNA on swabs.•Three swab types were found to be effective for collection of biological material, 7 were not effective.•The fluorescence is still detectable with little reduction in brightness even if stained and then re-examined 4 weeks later.•Fluorescence detection of ‘aged’ cellular material on swabs is effective. Collection for touch DNA either at scenes or on items submitted to a forensic laboratory is based on assumptions as to where a person made direct contact. In many instances a swab may be applied to an area where no contact has been made. Many swabs may therefore be submitted for DNA profiling on which no DNA is present, resulting in the loss of both time and resources by analysing such swabs. This study has developed a simple, fast, DNA-staining and fluorescence microscopy-based screening method for swabs to indicate if there is any DNA from which to generate a profile. Ten different types of swabs were tested covering the major types used (foam, cotton and nylon). Each swab was treated by: no addition of dye or DNA, addition of dye only, addition of known DNA and addition of dye and DNA. The stain used was Diamond™ Nucleic Acid Dye (DD) and fluorescence microscopy was achieved with a digital microscope equipped with a blue LED light source (480nm) for excitation and an emission filter of 510nm. Two types of samples were tested, either buccal swabs or swabs collected from areas touched by volunteers and all analyses were performed in triplicate. The samples were collected and retained at room temperature with time intervals of 0 day, 7 days, 14 days, 21 days, and 28 days before detection using DD staining and fluorescence microscopy. Seven of the swab types used were found to be unsuitable due to the lack of any difference in the fluorescence detected when no DNA, or only the dye, or a combination of DNA and dye were added. Three swab types (black cotton swab, Ultrafine dental applicator, and Cylinder dental applicator) were found to be much more effective for collection of DNA. Further, stained cellular material retained its fluorescence for up to 4 weeks and swabs containing cellular material that had been stored for four weeks could be stained and visualised. Additionally, DD did not affect DNA profiling. This screening method has the potential to be a routine step in a forensic laboratory to save costs of processing samples where swabs are devoid of any DNA. This technique is rapid, easy, cheap, non-destructive and safe.

•Diamond™ dye (DD) is a non-destructive dye that can visualize touch DNA.•Touch DNA can be visualized after fingermark enhancement have been performed.•Inhibition of DNA profiling after DD staining and enhancement was examined.•DNA profiles were obtained from treated marks except after cyanoacrylate treatment. A novel method for detection and visualization of latent DNA using Diamond™ Nucleic Acid Dye (DD) staining has been developed. Applying DD to an object has the real potential to visualize DNA on a substrate from which a DNA profile can be generated, but it is important to determine whether this staining will adversely affect other forensic investigational techniques and vice versa. The aim of this study was to examine the interactions between staining a fingermark to detect DNA and then generate a DNA profile in combination with several standard latent fingermark enhancement methods. Six common fingerprint enhancements processes were chosen; (1) black powder, (2) black magnetic powder, (3) red magnetic powder, (4) white powder, (5) aluminum powder and (6) cyanoacrylate fuming. For all six methods, mark enhancement was carried out before DD staining and vice versa. DD is effective in detection of DNA in the presence of both aluminum and white finger mark powders and DD does not compromise the subsequent detection of ridge patterns if DD is applied first. Whilst magnetic powders could be used to successfully enhance latent fingermarks even after DD had been applied to them, latent DNA could not be observed in the marks irrespective of whether magnetic powder was applied before or after DD treatment. Magnetic powders did not adversely affect the profiling of DNA present in the marks. The application of DD to fingermarks did not adversely affect the enhancement of fingermarks using cyanoacrylate fuming. Whilst fluorescent particles resembling cells stained with DD were observed in marks either post-treated or pre-treated with cyanoacrylate vapor, DNA amplification and profiling was not successful. While it may be important in particular investigations to collect DNA profiles from latent fingermarks with continuous ridges and clear minutiae, the main utility of the technique described here would be in relation to investigations where enhancement has resulted in only partial or smudged marks. The results presented here indicate that if it is desirable to visualize latent DNA on an object but it is also planned to treat the object with cyanoacrylate vapor or magnetic powders then it is important to apply DD first, record the location of DNA and then apply the mark enhancement technique. For aluminum and white powder mark treatments such precautions are not important.

Dual recovery of forensic evidence is beneficial for crime scene and evidence processing as it can potentially double the evidential value of a single source, even more so in instances of DNA fingermarks. The use of adhesive liftering media has shown comparable results to swabbing when dealing with trace DNA recovery. Gelatine lifters have displayed the potential to recover DNA from latent fingermarks with minimal alteration to friction ridge detail post application, yet their ability to recover DNA has not fully been explored. The aim of this research was to compare the use of gelatine lifters with more readily available masking tape in their ability to recover cellular material from latent fingermarks. Natural (n = 120) and sebaceous (n = 120) fingermarks were deposited and aged in time frames from fresh, 1-day, 2-day, 1-week, 2-weeks, and 1 month. DiamondTM Nucleic Acid Dye was used as a visualisation method for any DNA containing cellular material. Images of the fingermarks pre and post lifting, and on the lifting media were imaged using the DSC®5 system. The media’s ability to recover cellular material was assessed using fluorescent particle analysis by the employment of the free software ImageJ. Fluorescent particles could be observed on the lifting media post lifting with the use of DiamondTM Dye. Time was not seen to influence the variation in the number of fluorescent particles observed. The use of gelatine lifters was found to have a higher amount of recovered DNA containing cellular material than masking tape. Visualisation of particles on masking tape were inhibited by its porosity and absorption of the dye. Some fingermark detail could be observed in the gelatine lifters. The DSC®5 system was suitable for imaging fingermarks stained with DiamondTM Dye. •Comparison of gel lifters and masking tape in cellular material recovery [75].•Use of Diamond™ Dye to visualise cellular material recovered using adhesive media [85].•Fluorescent particles estimated by the use of ImageJ software [64].•Gelatine lifters outperformed masking tape in retrieval of stained material [77].•Visualization of fluorescent DNA containing material using a DSC® 5 system [77].

In pursuit of improving dyeability and incorporating antimicrobial attributes into polyamide fabric, a series of mono-azo acid dyes ( SN1–SN5 ) were synthesized. Sulfathiazole was employed as an intermediate in the synthesis process of the dyestuff. The resultant dyes were characterized by employing various analytical techniques. The antimicrobial efficiency of these colorant was established through testing against Aspergillus fumigatus , Staphylococcus aureus , and Escherichia coli , displaying a spectrum of mild to strong antibacterial activity. Dye SN5 exhibited the highest potency, showing growth inhibition of 90% and 95% against both bacterial strains, respectively. Since the acid dyes are the prime contenders for utilization in food, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics, an assessment was conducted on BJ Human Fibroblast Cells to evaluate any plausible adverse impacts. The results revealed that all the dyes exhibited no cytotoxicity. The dyeing properties of these colorants, including color representation, build-up, exhaustion, and fixation, were thoroughly examined following their application on the fabrics. The fastness properties were found to be considerably good to excellent. The influence of acidic and alkaline conditions on the absorption maxima was also explored. The dye SN3 showed a substantial bathochromic shift with increase in the solution's acidity in comparison to other dyes. Graphical abstract

The paper presented a new, non-pollution macromolecule of adsorbing acid dyes, and developed the adsorption mechanism on the basis of effect between the modified groups of hyperbranched hemicellulose polymer and acid dyes. The modified hyperbranched hemicellulose polymer (HHP) with a large number of terminal carboxyl groups and hydroxyl groups was synthesized by hemicellulose maleate and dihydroxymethyl propionic acid. The degree of substitution, kinematic viscosity and thermal stability of HHP was determined. In SEM images, the HHP exhibited the pores and cross-linked structure which were good help for dye adsorption. When the HHP was applied in adsorbing Methyl red dye, Bromocresol green dye and Bromophenol blue dye, it exhibited higher adsorption capacity. The adsorption capacity changed with different adsorbent dosage, pH, temperature and ionic strength, and the optimal adsorption capacity for Methyl red dye, Bromocresol green dye and Bromophenol blue dye could reach 825 mg/g, 675 mg/g and 912 mg/g respectively. The adsorption mechanism, adsorption isotherm and adsorption diffusion mode were demonstrated by Pseudo-order model, Langmuir model, Intraparticle diffusion model and Memberance diffusion model respectively. The adsorption data possessed better correlation with Pseudo-second-order model, Langmuir model and Intraparticle diffusion model. The adsorption isotherms and thermodynamic date indicated the processes of HPP2 adsorbing three acid dyes were endothermic. The N 2 -adsorption/desorption isotherms of HPP2 revealed the hyperbranched hemicellulose polymer filled the pore in clusters, and its adsorption process met with monolayer adsorption. Graphical abstract

Developments in science and technology lead to an increasing use of scientific evidence in litigation. Interdisciplinary research can improve current procedures and introduce new ones for the disclosure and examination of evidence. The dactyloscopic trace is used for personal identification by matching minutiae (the minimum required may vary by country) or for extracting DNA material from the trace under investigation. The research presented in this article aims to propose the merging of two currently used personal identification methods, DNA analysis and dactyloscopic trace analysis, which are currently treated as separate forensic traces found at a crime scene. Namely, the forensic trace to be analyzed is the dactyloscopic trace containing DNA, and both sources of information needed for identification are examined as one. Promega’s Diamond™ Nucleic Acid Dye, presented as a safe alternative to ethidium bromide, works by binding to single- and double-stranded DNA and is used to visualize the separation of material in a gel and to detect DNA in forensic samples. Spectroscopic studies as absorption and emission spectra and fluorescence microscopy observations presented in our research confirm that Diamond™ Nucleic Acid Dye can also be used to visualize fingerprints on non-absorbent surfaces and that combining the two methods into one can significantly increase the evidential value and contribute to the design of an innovative fast-acting optical biosensor.

A series of acid dyes ( BT1-BT5 ) capable of imparting antimicrobial properties to the polyamide fabric was synthesized. This approach aims to reduce energy-intensive processes in the textile production by eliminating the need for additional antimicrobial finishing step. Various analytical methods were applied to characterize the resulting dyes, and their solvatochromic properties were examined in solvents with varying levels of polarity and pH . The geometries of these synthetic colorants were optimized using the B3LYP/6-31G (d, p) method, and their electronic excitation properties were determined through TD-DFT. These dyes were then used for the coloration of wool and nylon-6 fabrics at a shade depth of 4% owf (On Weight of Fabric). Subsequently, evaluation of their fastness attributes was conducted. Encouraging results were observed for wash, perspiration, and rubbing fastness. The lightfastness was found to be comparatively better on wool than on nylon-6. Experiments were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of these chromophores against a range of bacterial and fungal strains. The dye BT3 exhibited significant antibacterial activity, while the dye BT2 demonstrated potency against all of the tested fungal strains. These chromophores were also tested on BJ Human Fibroblast Cells , which showed that these are non-cytotoxic. Graphical Abstract