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"Adaptive systems"
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Sensitive intervention points in the post-carbon transition
We must exploit socioeconomic tipping points and amplifiers Conventional approaches to mitigating climate change are not working. Despite the actions pledged under the 2015 Paris Agreement, actual progress is falling well short ( 1 ). Given limited time and resources, traditional efforts such as the climate stabilization wedge approach ( 2 ) are unlikely to be effective on their own. Physical science has shown how complex adaptive systems can cross critical thresholds (“tipping points”) ( 3 ), such that a relatively small change can trigger a larger change that becomes irreversible ( 4 ), where nonlinear feedback effects act as amplifiers ( 5 ). We propose to examine how to exploit similar sensitive intervention points (SIPs) and amplification mechanisms in socioeconomic, technological, and political systems to advance climate change mitigation. We focus on research and policies in which an intervention kicks or shifts the system so that the initial change is amplified by feedback effects that deliver outsized impact.
Journal Article
High-performance adaptive control of teleoperation systems
\"Within a unified switched-control framework, this book investigates the high-performance control designs and theoretic analyses for teleoperation systems, including the joint space and task space teleoperation, the homogeneous and heterogeneous teleoperation, and the single-master single-slave and multi-master multi-slave teleoperation. The book begins with an introduction to the concepts and challenges of networked teleoperation systems. Then, it investigates a new adaptive control framework based on auxiliary switched filters for the bilateral teleoperation systems to handle the model uncertainty and non-passive external forces. To overcome the input constraints of robotic systems, this adaptive method is also extended to the anti-windup adaptive control case. Furthermore, to apply to multi-robot remote collaboration scenarios and heterogeneous teleoperation, two tele-coordination methods and an adaptive semi-autonomous control method are respectively developed. Finally, the authors examine two finite-time control schemes and two types of improved prescribed performance control for teleoperation systems to improve the transient-state and steady-state synchronization performances. This title will be an essential reference for researchers and engineers interested in teleoperation, robotic systems, and nonlinear control systems. It would also prove useful for graduate students in the fields of science, engineering, and computer science\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Link recommendation algorithms and dynamics of polarization in online social networks
The level of antagonism between political groups has risen in the past years. Supporters of a given party increasingly dislike members of the opposing group and avoid intergroup interactions, leading to homophilic social networks. While new connections offline are driven largely by human decisions, new connections on online social platforms are intermediated by link recommendation algorithms, e.g., “People you may know” or “Whom to follow” suggestions. The long-term impacts of link recommendation in polarization are unclear, particularly as exposure to opposing viewpoints has a dual effect: Connections with out-group members can lead to opinion convergence and prevent group polarization or further separate opinions. Here, we provide a complex adaptive–systems perspective on the effects of link recommendation algorithms. While several models justify polarization through rewiring based on opinion similarity, here we explain it through rewiring grounded in structural similarity—defined as similarity based on network properties. We observe that preferentially establishing links with structurally similar nodes (i.e., sharing many neighbors) results in network topologies that are amenable to opinion polarization. Hence, polarization occurs not because of a desire to shield oneself from disagreeable attitudes but, instead, due to the creation of inadvertent echo chambers. When networks are composed of nodes that react differently to out-group contacts, either converging or polarizing, we find that connecting structurally dissimilar nodes moderates opinions. Overall, our study sheds light on the impacts of social-network algorithms and unveils avenues to steer dynamics of radicalization and polarization in online social networks.
Journal Article
Three-dimensional printing of mycelium hydrogels into living complex materials
Biological living materials, such as animal bones and plant stems, are able to self-heal, regenerate, adapt and make decisions under environmental pressures. Despite recent successful efforts to imbue synthetic materials with some of these remarkable functionalities, many emerging properties of complex adaptive systems found in biology remain unexplored in engineered living materials. Here, we describe a three-dimensional printing approach that harnesses the emerging properties of fungal mycelia to create living complex materials that self-repair, regenerate and adapt to the environment while fulfilling an engineering function. Hydrogels loaded with the fungus Ganoderma lucidum are three-dimensionally printed into lattice architectures to enable mycelial growth in a balanced exploration and exploitation pattern that simultaneously promotes colonization of the gel and bridging of air gaps. To illustrate the potential of such mycelium-based living complex materials, we three-dimensionally print a robotic skin that is mechanically robust, self-cleaning and able to autonomously regenerate after damage.Complex living structures with self-healing and regeneration capabilities are 3D printed using bioinks composed of fungal mycelium and an agar-based hydrogel.
Journal Article
Social-ecological systems as complex adaptive systems: organizing principles for advancing research methods and approaches
The study of social-ecological systems (SES) has been significantly shaped by insights from research on complex adaptive systems (CAS). We offer a brief overview of the conceptual integration of CAS research and its implications for the advancement of SES studies and methods. We propose a conceptual typology of six organizing principles of CAS based on a comparison of leading scholars’ classifications of CAS features and properties. This typology clusters together similar underlying organizing principles of the features and attributes of CAS, and serves as a heuristic framework for identifying methods and approaches that account for the key features of SES. These principles can help identify appropriate methods and approaches for studying SES. We discuss three main implications of studying and engaging with SES as CAS. First, there needs to be a shift in focus when studying the dynamics and interactions in SES, to better capture the nature of the organizing principles that characterize SES behavior. Second, realizing that the nature of the intertwined social-ecological relations is complex has real consequences for how we choose methods and practical approaches for observing and studying SES interactions. Third, engagement with SES as CAS poses normative challenges for problem-oriented researchers and practitioners taking on real-world challenges.
Journal Article
Adaptive security and cyber assurance for risk-based decision making
\"This book explores adaptive security techniques through CyberAssurance for risk-based decision making in the context of software-based systems and discusses ways to achieve it. It identifies a discipline termed CyberAssurance, which considers the interactions of assurance-enhancing technology, system architecture, and the development life cycle. It looks at trust-enhancing technology in some detail, articulating a strategy based on three main prongs: building software that behaves securely (high-confidence design techniques), executing software in a protected environment (containment), and monitoring software execution for malicious behavior (detection). Applying these three prongs in combination in the proper architectural and life cycle contexts provides the best risk strategy methods for increasing our trust in software-based for Internet of Things (IoT), Cloud, and Edge systems\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Evaluating the economic impact of water scarcity in a changing world
Water scarcity is dynamic and complex, emerging from the combined influences of climate change, basin-level water resources, and managed systems’ adaptive capacities. Beyond geophysical stressors and responses, it is critical to also consider how multi-sector, multi-scale economic teleconnections mitigate or exacerbate water shortages. Here, we contribute a global-to-basin-scale exploratory analysis of potential water scarcity impacts by linking a global human-Earth system model, a global hydrologic model, and a metric for the loss of economic surplus due to resource shortages. We find that, dependent on scenario assumptions, major hydrologic basins can experience strongly positive or strongly negative economic impacts due to global trade dynamics and market adaptations to regional scarcity. In many cases, market adaptation profoundly magnifies economic uncertainty relative to hydrologic uncertainty. Our analysis finds that impactful scenarios are often combinations of standard scenarios, showcasing that planners cannot presume drivers of uncertainty in complex adaptive systems.
The impacts of water scarcity depend on physical basin characteristics and global economic dynamics. Here, the authors show scenario assumptions can yield either highly positive or negative economic impacts due to water scarcity, and the drivers of these impacts are basin-specific and cannot be determined a priori.
Journal Article