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\"Explores why economic growth does not result in empowerment in Ethiopia, and how marginality is narrated and experienced in a time of promise\"-- Provided by publisher.

Eye infections can cause loss or impairment of visual function and can lead to severe impairment. Bacteria are the most common pathogens that affect the structure of the eye. As a result, quick identification of the causative agents and testing of their medication susceptibility are essential for effective treatment of eye infections. This study was intended for determining the extent of bacterial isolates from external eye infections (EEIs) and their susceptibility to antibiotics. A facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted among patients attending Menelik II Referral Hospital. The study comprised patients who had EEIs verified. EEI samples were collected using sterile methods. Bacterial isolates were identified using gram stain, colony morphology, and biochemical tests. The Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion technique was used to conduct a drug susceptibility test. Totally, 323 participants were recruited for this study and 184 bacterial isolates were obtained from 175 (54.5%) participants. The main clinical diagnosis was blepharitis 122 (37.8%), followed by conjunctivitis 73 (22.6%) and keratitis 57 (17.6%). The gram-positive isolates were 171 (92.9%). CoNS with a frequency of 76 (41.3%) was the most common bacterial isolates, followed by 67 (36.4%), 16 (8.7%), and species 6(3.3%). Gram-positive isolates were sensitive to tobramycin, gentamicin, chloramphenicol, vancomycin, and ceftriaxone. In contrast, 94.0% of these gram-positive isolates showed resistance to penicillin. Multidrug resistance (MDR) was observed in both gram-positive and negative bacteria at rates of 123 (72%) and 12 (92.1%), respectively. The overall MDR rate among the isolates was 135 (73.4%). In this study, blepharitis was the major EEI, followed by conjunctivitis. The predominant bacterial species isolated from EEIs were CoNS, followed by . More than half of the isolates were drug-resistant, with a large number being multidrug-resistant, highlighting the necessity for continued and coordinated surveillance to hunt for infections that are known to be resistant.

This study will prove useful in expanding our understanding of the United Nations as the body with capacity, suitability, and competence to assume the role of governing and carrying out a global design of the Global Tax Governance architecture, as well as s well as to establish the bases, principles and areas of international tax cooperation. Public International Law rules and general “Principles and Purposes” of the Global Legal Order have been extrapolated to international tax law to achieve this conclusion. Furthermore, we propose the creation of an international organization on International Fiscal Cooperation and Global Fiscal Governance within the UN family itself. International tax cooperation is a crucial instrument to enhance domestic public resources and to avoid international tax fraud fighting against the flow of illicit capital, as stated in the Addis Ababa Action Agenda, in accordance with the provisions of the 2030 Agenda of United Nations, Monterrey Consensus and Doha Declaration. Nowadays, after the covid-19 pandemic, it is an unquestionable necessity.

The integration between WEAP and MODFLOW models coupled via LinkKitchen helps to create a dynamic link between surface water and groundwater supply sources of Addis Ababa city. Possible impacts of natural and anthropogenic stresses on surface water reservoirs volume and groundwater storage have been assessed through water supply scenario analysis. Besides, contrary to other surface water hydrological models, the unique nature of WEAP adds water demand assessment by simulating Addis Ababa city near future water demand coverage under three population projection scenarios. The water demand projections of Addis Ababa city indicates 100% water demand coverage will not be achieved for high (4.6%), medium (3.8%) and low (2.8%) population growth rate projections, even with all the emerging and planned water supply projects start production up until 2025. Supply scenario projections indicate, as surface water reservoirs are highly sensitive to climate change and variability, the city groundwater supply sources will be noticeably affected by the emerging and planned groundwater supply expansion schemes. If groundwater abstraction continues to reach to zero unmet demand, more than 30-meter groundwater level decline can be registered in 2025. To foresee the combined effect of both natural and anthropogenic stresses on Addis Ababa city water supply sources, best case (considering conditions which improve Addis Ababa city water supply) and worst case (considering conditions stressing Addis Ababa city water supply) scenarios were tested. The best case scenario results zero unmet water demand in Addis Ababa city in most wet months of future projection years up to 2025, with likely decline of about 6 meter on the groundwater level. The worst case scenario to the contrary shows, Addis Ababa city water demand coverage will potentially be reduced to a maximum of 35% in 2025, with seasonal and annual variability. The dynamic link between surface water reservoirs and groundwater supply sources helps to gain insight into the potential consequences of continuously changing natural and anthropogenic conditions on Addis Ababa city water supply sources. Consequently, the significant predicted near future pressure on Addis Ababa city surface water and groundwater supply clearly indicate planning and developing alternative water supply sources outside of the boundary (Upper Awash basin) where the city is located should be immediately started in order to endure the pressure from the ever increasing demand. Otherwise, not only Addis will continue suffering unmet water demand for the years to come, but also the water supply sources will be severely impacted. Nonetheless, wherever the water supply sources, minimizing water loss, recycling and improving water use efficiency should be given at most priority.

National levels of personal health-care access and quality can be approximated by measuring mortality rates from causes that should not be fatal in the presence of effective medical care (ie, amenable mortality). Previous analyses of mortality amenable to health care only focused on high-income countries and faced several methodological challenges. In the present analysis, we use the highly standardised cause of death and risk factor estimates generated through the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) to improve and expand the quantification of personal health-care access and quality for 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2015. We mapped the most widely used list of causes amenable to personal health care developed by Nolte and McKee to 32 GBD causes. We accounted for variations in cause of death certification and misclassifications through the extensive data standardisation processes and redistribution algorithms developed for GBD. To isolate the effects of personal health-care access and quality, we risk-standardised cause-specific mortality rates for each geography-year by removing the joint effects of local environmental and behavioural risks, and adding back the global levels of risk exposure as estimated for GBD 2015. We employed principal component analysis to create a single, interpretable summary measure–the Healthcare Quality and Access (HAQ) Index–on a scale of 0 to 100. The HAQ Index showed strong convergence validity as compared with other health-system indicators, including health expenditure per capita (r=0·88), an index of 11 universal health coverage interventions (r=0·83), and human resources for health per 1000 (r=0·77). We used free disposal hull analysis with bootstrapping to produce a frontier based on the relationship between the HAQ Index and the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a measure of overall development consisting of income per capita, average years of education, and total fertility rates. This frontier allowed us to better quantify the maximum levels of personal health-care access and quality achieved across the development spectrum, and pinpoint geographies where gaps between observed and potential levels have narrowed or widened over time. Between 1990 and 2015, nearly all countries and territories saw their HAQ Index values improve; nonetheless, the difference between the highest and lowest observed HAQ Index was larger in 2015 than in 1990, ranging from 28·6 to 94·6. Of 195 geographies, 167 had statistically significant increases in HAQ Index levels since 1990, with South Korea, Turkey, Peru, China, and the Maldives recording among the largest gains by 2015. Performance on the HAQ Index and individual causes showed distinct patterns by region and level of development, yet substantial heterogeneities emerged for several causes, including cancers in highest-SDI countries; chronic kidney disease, diabetes, diarrhoeal diseases, and lower respiratory infections among middle-SDI countries; and measles and tetanus among lowest-SDI countries. While the global HAQ Index average rose from 40·7 (95% uncertainty interval, 39·0–42·8) in 1990 to 53·7 (52·2–55·4) in 2015, far less progress occurred in narrowing the gap between observed HAQ Index values and maximum levels achieved; at the global level, the difference between the observed and frontier HAQ Index only decreased from 21·2 in 1990 to 20·1 in 2015. If every country and territory had achieved the highest observed HAQ Index by their corresponding level of SDI, the global average would have been 73·8 in 2015. Several countries, particularly in eastern and western sub-Saharan Africa, reached HAQ Index values similar to or beyond their development levels, whereas others, namely in southern sub-Saharan Africa, the Middle East, and south Asia, lagged behind what geographies of similar development attained between 1990 and 2015. This novel extension of the GBD Study shows the untapped potential for personal health-care access and quality improvement across the development spectrum. Amid substantive advances in personal health care at the national level, heterogeneous patterns for individual causes in given countries or territories suggest that few places have consistently achieved optimal health-care access and quality across health-system functions and therapeutic areas. This is especially evident in middle-SDI countries, many of which have recently undergone or are currently experiencing epidemiological transitions. The HAQ Index, if paired with other measures of health-system characteristics such as intervention coverage, could provide a robust avenue for tracking progress on universal health coverage and identifying local priorities for strengthening personal health-care quality and access throughout the world. Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

\"The pioneering first edition of this guidebook was the first dedicated entirely to Somaliland, and this second edition, fully updated and with a foreword by Simon Reeve, continues Bradt's groundbreaking tradition of publishing highly specialist guides to newly emerging destinations. Significantly, this new edition also covers Addis Ababa and eastern Ethiopia--the main gateway into Somaliland. Also included is a detailed historical and archaeological background to a region whose wealth of rock art, ancient burial sites, ruined cities and historical ports stretches back 5,000 years and has links with ancient Egypt and Axum as well as the more recent Ottoman and British Empires.\" -- Provided by publisher.

Die äthiopische Hauptstadt Addis Abeba ist eine sich rasant wandelnde Metropole und steht prototypisch für ein urbanes Zentrum in einer Schwellenregion. Was können Architektur und Stadtplanung zu diesem raschen Wandel beitragen? Wie kann das enorme Stadtwachstum infolge von Landflucht und Bevölkerungsanstieg besser verstanden werden? Und: Wie lässt es sich steuern? Das Buch stellt einen Katalog von Strategien für die Städtebaupraxis außerhalb der alten Industrieländer Europas und Nordamerikas vor und gibt dabei den Planern allgemeingültige Methoden und Werkzeuge für dynamische Planungs- und Steuerungsprozesse an die Hand. Die Neuausgabe enthält Beiträge zu Neuentwicklungen wie etwa dem Einfluss Chinas in afrikanischen Ländern oder zu den Chancen durch urbane Nachverdichtung.