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Handbook of alkali-activated cements, mortars and concretes
This book provides an updated state-of-the-art review on new developments in alkali-activation.The main binder of concrete, Portland cement, represents almost 80% of the total CO2 emissions of concrete which are about 6 to 7% of the Planet's total CO2 emissions.
eBook
Safety and efficacy of Kelforce® (l‐glutamic acid, N,N‐diacetic acid, tetrasodium salt (GLDA‐Na4)) as a feed additive for chickens for fattening
l‐Glutamic acid, N,N‐diacetic acid, tetrasodium salt (GLDA‐Na4) (Kelforce®) is sought to be used as a zootechnical feed additive in chickens for fattening to improve the absorption of zinc from feed, reducing zinc emissions through manure and thus, affecting favourably the environment. The product has not been authorised in the European Union as a feed additive. Kelforce® is intended to be marketed as a liquid and solid formulation, containing ≥ 47% and ≥ 30% of GLDA‐Na4, respectively. Kelforce® is safe for chickens for fattening at the maximum level of 1,000 mg GLDA‐Na4/kg complete feed. Based on the toxicological profile of GLDA‐Na4 and the consumer exposure to GLDA‐Na4 and to nitrilotriacetic acid trisodium salt (NTA‐Na3; an impurity of the additive), the use of Kelforce® at the maximum proposed level in feed of chickens for fattening is of no concern for consumer safety. Due to its low inhalation toxicity, the exposure to GLDA‐Na4 is unlikely to pose a risk by inhalation. However, owing to the high‐dusting potential of the solid formulation, a risk from such high level of dust, even if toxicologically inert, cannot be excluded. Kelforce® is not a skin/eye irritant or skin sensitiser. No risks for the terrestrial compartment were identified at the maximum use level of the additive. Risks for the aquatic compartment cannot be excluded based on the secondary effect of the additive on green algae. In the absence of data, the Panel cannot conclude on the safety for the sediment compartment or the possible ground water contamination. The risk of bioaccumulation and secondary poisoning caused by the additive is considered very low. Owing to the inconsistent and conflicting results from the studies assessed, the Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) cannot conclude on the efficacy of the additive. The Panel made a recommendation regarding the levels of formaldehyde and cyanide in the active substance.
Journal Article
Smart cement : development, testing, modeling and real-time monitoring
\"Smart cement is a chemo-thermo-piezoresistive material that functions as a highly sensing 3-dimensional bulk sensor. It can be used for monitoring changes oflectrical resistivity in concrete by the addition of 0.03% of selected conductive or semi-conductive fibers are added to the bulk cement\"-- Provided by publisher.
BOOK
Assessment of a feed additive containing Enterococcus lactis NCIMB 11181 (Lactiferm®) for weaned piglets, calves for fattening and calves for rearing for the renewal of its authorisation (Chr. Hansen A/S)
Following a request from the European Commission, EFSA was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the assessment of the application for renewal of the authorisation of Enterococcus lactis NCIMB 11181 (Lactiferm®) as a zootechnical additive for weaned piglets, calves for fattening and calves for rearing. The product under assessment is based on a strain originally identified as Enterococcus faecium. During the current assessment, the active agent has been reclassified as Enterococcus lactis. The additive currently authorised is marketed in two formulations: Lactiferm Basic 50 (a solid formulation to be used in feed), and Lactiferm WS200 (a solid ‘water‐soluble’ formulation to be used in water for drinking). The applicant has provided evidence that the additive currently on the market complies with the existing conditions of authorisation. The Panel concludes that the use of Lactiferm® under the authorised conditions of use remains safe for the target species (calves up to 6 months and weaned piglets up to 35 kg), consumers and the environment. The Lactiferm WS200 formulation of the additive is not irritant to skin or eyes. Owing to the proteinaceous nature of the active agent, both formulations of the additive are considered respiratory sensitisers. It is not possible to conclude on the irritating potential for skin and eyes of the Lactiferm Basic 50 formulation or on the potential of both forms of the additive to cause skin sensitisation. There is no need for assessing the efficacy of the additive in the context of the renewal of the authorisation.
Journal Article
Low temperature cofirable Li sub(2)Zn sub(3)Ti sub(4)O sub(12) microwave dielectric ceramic with Li sub(2)O-ZnO-B sub(2)O sub(3) glass additive
The effects of Li sub(2)O-ZnO-B sub(2)O sub(3) (LZB) glass additive on the sintering behavior, phase composition, microstructure and microwave dielectric properties of Li sub(2)Zn sub(3)Ti sub(4)O sub(12) ceramics were investigated. The addition of a small amount of LZB glass can reduce the sintering temperature of Li sub(2)Zn sub(3)Ti sub(4)O sub(12) ceramics from 1,075 to 900 degree C without much degradation of the microwave dielectric properties. Only a single-phase Li sub(2)Zn sub(3)Ti sub(4)O sub(12) is formed in Li sub(2)Zn sub(3)Ti sub(4)O sub(12) ceramic with LZB addition. Typically, the 1.5 wt% LZB glass-added Li sub(2)Zn sub(3)Ti sub(4)O sub(12) ceramic sintered at 900 degree C for 2 h can reach a high relative density of 97.5 % and exhibits good microwave dielectric properties, i.e., relative dielectric constant ( epsilon sub( )r = 19.1, quality factor (Q) = 7083.5 at 9 GHz, and temperature coefficient of resonant frequency ( tau sub( )f = - 48.9 ppm/ degree C. In addition, the ceramic could be co-fired well with an Ag electrode, which is made it as a promising dielectric ceramic for low temperature co-fired ceramics technology application.
Journal Article
Bacterial metabolism rescues the inhibition of intestinal drug absorption by food and drug additives
Food and drug products contain diverse and abundant small-molecule additives (excipients) with unclear impacts on human physiology, drug safety, and response. Here, we evaluate their potential impact on intestinal drug absorption. By screening 136 unique compounds for inhibition of the key intestinal transporter OATP2B1 we identified and validated 24 potent OATP2B1 inhibitors, characterized by higher molecular weight and hydrophobicity compared to poor or noninhibitors. OATP2B1 inhibitors were also enriched for dyes, including 8 azo (R−N=N−R′) dyes. Pharmacokinetic studies in mice confirmed that FD&C Red No. 40, a common azo dye excipient and a potent inhibitor of OATP2B1, decreased the plasma level of the OATP2B1 substrate fexofenadine, suggesting that FD&C Red No. 40 has the potential to block drug absorption through OATP2B1 inhibition in vivo. However, the gut microbiomes of multiple unrelated healthy individuals as well as diverse human gut bacterial isolates were capable of inactivating the identified azo dye excipients, producing metabolites that no longer inhibit OATP2B1 transport. These results support a beneficial role for the microbiome in limiting the unintended effects of food and drug additives in the intestine and provide a framework for the data-driven selection of excipients. Furthermore, the ubiquity and genetic diversity of gut bacterial azoreductases coupled to experiments in conventionally raised and gnotobiotic mice suggest that variations in gut microbial community structure may be less important to consider relative to the high concentrations of azo dyes in food products, which have the potential to saturate gut bacterial enzymatic activity.
Journal Article