Explore the vast range of titles available.

Purpose Adductor longus injuries are complex. The conflict between views in the recent literature and various nineteenth-century anatomy books regarding symphyseal and perisymphyseal anatomy can lead to difficulties in MRI interpretation and treatment decisions. The aim of the study is to systematically investigate the pyramidalis muscle and its anatomical connections with adductor longus and rectus abdominis, to elucidate injury patterns occurring with adductor avulsions. Methods A layered dissection of the soft tissues of the anterior symphyseal area was performed on seven fresh-frozen male cadavers. The dimensions of the pyramidalis muscle were measured and anatomical connections with adductor longus, rectus abdominis and aponeuroses examined. Results The pyramidalis is the only abdominal muscle anterior to the pubic bone and was found bilaterally in all specimens. It arises from the pubic crest and anterior pubic ligament and attaches to the linea alba on the medial border. The proximal adductor longus attaches to the pubic crest and anterior pubic ligament. The anterior pubic ligament is also a fascial anchor point connecting the lower anterior abdominal aponeurosis and fascia lata. The rectus abdominis, however, is not attached to the adductor longus; its lateral tendon attaches to the cranial border of the pubis; and its slender internal tendon attaches inferiorly to the symphysis with fascia lata and gracilis. Conclusion The study demonstrates a strong direct connection between the pyramidalis muscle and adductor longus tendon via the anterior pubic ligament, and it introduces the new anatomical concept of the pyramidalis–anterior pubic ligament–adductor longus complex (PLAC). Knowledge of these anatomical relationships should be employed to aid in image interpretation and treatment planning with proximal adductor avulsions. In particular, MRI imaging should be employed for all proximal adductor longus avulsions to assess the integrity of the PLAC.

Background Scallops possess striated and catch adductor muscles, which have different structure and contractile properties. The striated muscle contracts very quickly for swimming, whereas the smooth catch muscle can keep the shells closed for long periods with little expenditure of energy. In this study, we performed proteomic and transcriptomic analyses of differences between the striated (fast) and catch (slow) adductor muscles in Yesso scallop Patinopecten yessoensis . Results Transcriptomic analysis reveals 1316 upregulated and 8239 downregulated genes in slow compared to fast adductor muscle. For the same comparison, iTRAQ-based proteomics reveals 474 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs), 198 up- and 276 downregulated. These DEPs mainly comprise muscle-specific proteins of the sarcoplasmic reticulum, extracellular matrix, and metabolic pathways. A group of conventional muscle proteins—myosin heavy chain, myosin regulatory light chain, myosin essential light chain, and troponin—are enriched in fast muscle. In contrast, paramyosin, twitchin, and catchin are preferentially expressed in slow muscle. The association analysis of proteomic and transcriptomic data provides the evidences of regulatory events at the transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels in fast and slow muscles. Among 1236 differentially expressed unigenes, 22.7% show a similar regulation of mRNA levels and protein abundances. In contrast, more unigenes (53.2%) exhibit striking differences between gene expression and protein abundances in the two muscles, which indicates the existence of fiber-type specific, posttranscriptional regulatory events in most of myofibrillar proteins, such as myosin heavy chain, titin, troponin, and twitchin. Conclusions This first, global view of protein and mRNA expression levels in scallop fast and slow muscles reveal that regulatory mechanisms at the transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels are essential in the maintenance of muscle structure and function. The existence of fiber-type specific, posttranscriptional regulatory mechanisms in myofibrillar proteins will greatly improve our understanding of the molecular basis of muscle contraction and its regulation in non-model invertebrates.

Background: At present, the rotational function of the hip adductor muscle group remains unclear. This study aimed to clarify the rotational function and stabilizing role of the pectineus, adductor longus, and adductor brevis (adductor muscle group) based on anatomical findings and T2 values (ms) obtained from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). T2 values are prolonged in tissues with higher water content, and in skeletal muscle, it has been demonstrated that T2 values increase in proportion to exercise intensity. Methods: Using fixed specimens (n = 6, aged 61–96 years), we observed the three-dimensional arrangement of muscles in the neutral position of the hip joint and observed the extension or shortening of muscles associated with passive maximum internal and external rotation of the hip joint. In addition, we evaluated the activity of the adductor muscle group by T2 values (ms) from MRI pre- and post-internal rotation (forward step with the left leg) and pre- and post-external rotation (backward step with the left leg) movements of the right hip joint in a standing position (n = 8, healthy adult subjects, mean age 29.1 ± 5.3 years). Results: Regarding functional anatomy, the arrangement of the gluteus minimus and adductor muscle groups was almost parallel across the femoral neck. In the evaluation of adductor muscle group activity using MRI, the percent change in T2 values (%) of the pectineus was 6.38 ± 1.35 pre- and post-internal rotation and 1.35 ± 0.71 pre- and post-external rotation, whereas that of the adductor longus and brevis was 4.84 ± 1.31 pre- and post-internal rotation and 1.31 ± 0.68 pre- and post-external rotation. The percent change in T2 values pre- and post-internal rotation exercise was significantly greater than that pre- and post-external rotation exercise in the pectineus, adductor longus, and brevis muscles (p < 0.05). Conclusions: The adductor muscle groups are suggested to contribute to joint stability in the coronal plane and provide joint internal rotation in the standing position.

Purpose The purpose of the study is to review the MRI findings in a cohort of athletes who sustained acute traumatic avulsions of the adductor longus fibrocartilaginous entheses, and to investigate related injuries namely the pyramidalis–anterior pubic ligament–adductor longus complex (PLAC). Associated muscle and soft tissue injuries were also assessed. Methods The MRIs were reviewed for a partial or complete avulsion of the adductor longus fibrocartilage, as well as continuity or separation of the adductor longus from the pyramidalis. The presence of a concurrent partial pectineus tear was noted. Demographic data were analysed. Linear and logistic regression was used to examine associations between injuries. Results The mean age was 32.5 (SD 10.9). The pyramidalis was absent in 3 of 145 patients. 85 of 145 athletes were professional and 52 competed in the football Premier League. 132 had complete avulsions and 13 partial. The adductor longus was in continuity with pyramidalis in 55 athletes, partially separated in seven and completely in 81 athletes. 48 athletes with a PLAC injury had a partial pectineus avulsion. Six types of PLAC injuries patterns were identified. Associated rectus abdominis injuries were rare and only occurred in five patients (3.5%). Conclusion The proximal adductor longus forms part of the PLAC and is rarely an isolated injury. The term PLAC injury is more appropriate term. MRI imaging should assess all the anatomical components of the PLAC post-injury, allowing recognition of the different patterns of injury. Level of evidence Level III.

To compare maximal isometric force generation between hip adductor long-lever squeeze, the Copenhagen Adduction (CA) exercise with body-mass only, and the weighted isometric CA exercise, in rugby union players. Cross-sectional study. Club training facility. Forty-four male, rugby union players. Maximum isometric hip adduction squeeze strength in the long-lever testing position, in addition to maximum isometric force data in the isometric CA exercise, and the weighted isometric CA exercise with increasing load. Significantly greater (p ≤ 0.05) torque (Nm/kg) was observed in athletes when performing a weighted isometric CA exercise with: 105% body-mass (0.22Nm/kg, +6.8%), 110% body-mass (0.44Nm/kg, +13.1%), 120% body-mass (0.80Nm/kg, +22.6%), 130% body-mass (1.16Nm/kg, +31.3%), 140% body-mass (1.58Nm/kg, +40.8%) and 150% body mass (1.96Nm/kg, +48.3%), in comparison to the isometric CA exercise, with large effect size (ES = 1.372–5.196). Significantly greater torque was also observed when compared to the isometric hip adduction long-lever squeeze exercise, with large effect size (ES = 2.022–4.091). Twenty-nine athletes reached one maximum isometric repetition in weighted isometric CAs at either 130% body-mass (n = 16) or 140% body-mass (n = 13). The weighted isometric Copenhagen Adduction exercise demonstrates greater force output than the isometric CA and the long-lever squeeze. •A majority of athletes can perform the weighted isometric Copenhagen Adduction exercise with greater than 30% body mass added.•Significantly greater force is produced when performing weighted isometric CA exercise compared to the isometric CA exercise using body mass only.•The weighted isometric Copenhagen Adduction exercise may incur greater strength gains than the isometric CA exercise using body mass only.

Maximum phonation time is a simple test used to assess glottic competency. Our objective was to evaluate any correlation between maximum phonation time and spasmodic dysphonia as adductor spasmodic dysphonia and abductor spasmodic dysphonia have an adductor and abductor overdrive, respectively. A 3-year data-review was performed for patients diagnosed with adductor spasmodic dysphonia, abductor spasmodic dysphonia and mixed spasmodic dysphonia. Maximum phonation time was noted on the first visit and compared with a control group. Average maximum phonation time in adductor spasmodic dysphonia, abductor spasmodic dysphonia and control group was 25 seconds, 9 seconds and 16 seconds. A significant difference was found for adductor spasmodic dysphonia and abductor spasmodic dysphonia. A receiver operating characteristic curve analysis between adductor spasmodic dysphonia and control groups showed a positive predictive value of 81.3 per cent, negative predictive value of 83.9 per cent, sensitivity of 79.6 per cent and specificity of 85.2 per cent. Level of evidence = 4. We recommend that maximum phonation time be added to the diagnostic armamentarium of spasmodic dysphonia. This correlation between maximum phonation time and spasmodic dysphonia has not been previously published.

Bivalve molluscs are descendants of an early-Cambrian lineage superbly adapted to benthic filter feeding. Adaptations in form and behavior are well recognized, but the underlying molecular mechanisms are largely unknown. Here, we investigate the genome, various transcriptomes, and proteomes of the scallop Chlamys farreri , a semi-sessile bivalve with well-developed adductor muscle, sophisticated eyes, and remarkable neurotoxin resistance. The scallop’s large striated muscle is energy-dynamic but not fully differentiated from smooth muscle. Its eyes are supported by highly diverse, intronless opsins expanded by retroposition for broadened spectral sensitivity. Rapid byssal secretion is enabled by a specialized foot and multiple proteins including expanded tyrosinases. The scallop uses hepatopancreas to accumulate neurotoxins and kidney to transform to high-toxicity forms through expanded sulfotransferases, probably as deterrence against predation, while it achieves neurotoxin resistance through point mutations in sodium channels. These findings suggest that expansion and mutation of those genes may have profound effects on scallop’s phenotype and adaptation. Bivalve molluscs have evolved various characteristics to adapt to benthic filter-feeding. Here, Li et al investigate the genome, transcriptomes and proteomes of scallop Chlamys farreri , revealing evidences of molecular adaptations to semi-sessile life and neurotoxins.

In order to perform effective static stretching of the hip adductor muscles, it is necessary to clarify the position where the muscles are most stretched. However, the effective flexion angle in stretching for each adductor muscle remains unclear. The goal of this study was to investigate the effect of hip flexion angle on muscle elongation of hip adductor muscles during stretching. Sixteen healthy men were recruited for this study. Shear elastic modulus, an index of muscle elongation, of the adductor longus (AL), and both the anterior and posterior adductor magnus (anterior AM) were measured using ultrasonic shear wave elastography at rest (supine position) and at 5 stretching positions (maximal hip abduction at 90°, 60°, 30°, 0°, and −15° hip flexion). For the AL, the shear elastic modulus at rest was significantly lower than that in all stretching positions. However, there was no significant difference among stretching positions. For the anterior AM, there was no significant difference between stretching positions and at rest. For the posterior AM, the shear elastic modulus in 90°, 60°, and 30° hip flexion were significantly higher than that at rest. The shear elastic modulus in 90° hip flexion was significantly higher than that in 60° and 30° hip flexion. Our results suggest that the AL is elongated to the same extent by maximal hip abduction regardless of hip flexion angle, the anterior AM is not elongated regardless of the hip flexion angle; the posterior AM is elongated at all angles except at 0° and −15° hip flexion and is most extended at 90° hip flexion.

The short lateral rotators of the thigh found in the gluteal region can have morphological variations. During anatomical dissection of a right lower limb, two variant structures were found in this region. The first of these accessory muscles originated from the external surface of the ramus of the ischium. Distally, it was fused with the gemellus inferior muscle. The second structure comprised tendinous and muscular parts. The proximal part originated from the external part of the ischiopubic ramus. It inserted on the trochanteric fossa. Both structures were innervated by small branches of the obturator nerve. The blood supply was via branches of the inferior gluteal artery. There was also a connection between the quadratus femoris and the superior part of the adductor magnus. These morphological variants could be clinically important.