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Background. We report the first-in-human safety and immunogenicity assessment of a prototype Ad26 vector-based human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) vaccine in humans. Methods. Sixty Ad26-seronegative, healthy, HIV-uninfected subjects were enrolled in a randomized, doubleblinded, placebo-controlled, dose-escalation phase 1 study. Five groups of 12 subjects received 10 9 -10 11 vp of the Ad26-EnvA vaccine (N = 10/group) or placebo (N = 2/group) at weeks 0 and 24 or weeks 0, 4, and 24. Safety and immunogenicity were assessed. Results. Self-limited reactogenicity was observed after the initial immunization at the highest (IO 11 vp) dose. No product-related SAEs were observed. All subjects who received the Ad26-EnvA vaccine developed Ad26 NAb titers, EnvA-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) titers, and EnvA-specific enzyme-linked immunospot assays (ELISPOT) responses. These responses persisted at week 52. At week 28 in the 10⁹, 10¹⁰, 10¹¹ vp 3-dose and the 10¹⁰ and 5 × 10¹⁰ vp 2-dose groups, geometric mean EnvA ELISA titers were 6113, 12 470, 8545, 3470, and 9655 and mean EnvA ELISPOT responses were 397, 178, 736, 196, and 1311 SFC/10⁶ peripheral blood mononuclear cells, respectively. Conclusion. This Ad26 vectored vaccine was generally safe and immunogenic at all doses tested. Reactogenicity was minimal with doses of 5 × 10¹⁰ vp or less. Ad26 is a promising new vaccine vector for HIV-1.

Background. Adenovirus serotype 26 (Ad26) has been developed as a novel candidate vaccine vector for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and other pathogens. The primary safety and immunogenicity data from the Integrated Preclinical/Clinical AIDS Vaccine Development Program (IPCAVD) 001 trial, the firstin-human evaluation of a prototype Ad26 vector-based vaccine expressing clade A HIV-1 Env (Ad26. ENVA. 01), are reported concurrently with this article. Here, we characterize in greater detail the humoral and cellular immune responses elicited by Ad26. ENVA. 01 in humans. Methods. Samples from the IPCAVD 001 trial were used for humoral and cellular immunogenicity assays. Results. We observed a dose-dependent expansion of the magnitude, breadth, and epitopic diversity of Envspecific binding antibody responses elicited by this vaccine. Antibody-dependent cell-mediated phagocytosis, virus inhibition, and degranulation functional activity were also observed. Env-specific cellular immune responses induced by the vaccine included multiple CD8⁺ and CD4⁺ T-lymphocyte memory subpopulations and cytokine secretion phenotypes, although cellular immune breadth was limited. Baseline vector-specific T-lymphocyte responses were common but did not impair Env-specific immune responses in this study. Conclusion. Ad26. ENVA. 01 elicited a broad diversity of humoral and cellular immune responses in humans. These data support the further clinical development of Ad26 as a candidate vaccine vector.

Human adenovirus (HAdV) is known to be a common cause of diarrhea in children worldwide. Infection with adenovirus is responsible for 2-10% of diarrheic cases. To increase a better understanding of the prevalence and epidemiology of HAdV infection, a large scale and long-term study was needed. We implemented a multi-year molecular detection and characterization study of HAdV in association with acute gastroenteritis in Chiang Mai, Thailand from 2011 to 2017. Out of 2,312 patients, HAdV was detected in 165 cases (7.2%). The positive rate for HAdV infection was highest in children of 1 and 2 years of age compared to other age groups. HAdV subgroup C (40.6%) was the most prevalent, followed by subgroups F (28.5%), B (20.6%), A and D (4.8% each), and E (0.6%). Of these, HAdV-F41 (22.4%), HAdV-C2 (18.2%), HAdV-B3 (15.2%), and HAdV-C1 (13.3%) were the most common genotypes detected. HAdV infection occurred throughout the year with a higher detection rate between May and July. In conclusion, our study demonstrated the infection rate, seasonal distribution and genotype diversity of HAdV infection in children with diarrhea in Chiang Mai, Thailand over a period of 7 year. Not only enteric adenovirus (F40 and F41) but also non-enteric adenovirus (B3, C1, C2) may play an important role in gastroenteritis in this area. The information will be beneficial for the prevention and control of HAdV outbreaks in the future.

Human adenoviruses (HAdV) are significant etiological agents of infections affecting the respiratory, gastrointestinal, urinary and ocular systems, particularly in adults, infants, and immunocompromised individuals. This study presents the molecular identification of a local HAdV strain for the first time from the stool of a healthy infant in Türkiye, isolated in 2003 and stored for two decades in liquid nitrogen. Molecular characterization of this strain was performed, identifying it as HAdV-C6. Phylogenetic analysis revealed high nucleotide identity (97%) with global strains from Russia, China, Japan, and the USA. A serum neutralization test was conducted to determine the current circulation of this strain, indicating a 9.5% seropositivity rate in archival serum samples collected for the West Nile virus surveillance project. This study provides insights into the persistence and molecular epidemiology of HAdV strains circulating in Türkiye, highlighting the need for continuous surveillance and whole-genome sequencing to assess potential recombination events and genetic variations.

We report a rare case of pneumonia caused by human mastadenovirus (HAdV) B55 in France in a patient without recent travel history. HAdV-B55 infection was identified retrospectively after being detected in feces during an investigation for concomitant diarrhea. This case suggests possible silent endemic circulation of HAdV-B55 in France.

The recent emergence of highly virulent human adenoviruses (HAdVs) with new tissue tropisms underscores the need to determine their ontogeny. Here we report complete high quality genome sequences and analyses for all the previously unsequenced HAdV serotypes (n = 20) within HAdV species D. Analysis of nucleotide sequence variability for these in conjunction with another 40 HAdV prototypes, comprising all seven HAdV species, confirmed the uniquely hypervariable regions within species. The mutation rate among HAdV-Ds was low when compared to other HAdV species. Homologous recombination was identified in at least two of five examined hypervariable regions for every virus, suggesting the evolution of HAdV-Ds has been highly dependent on homologous recombination. Patterns of alternating GC and AT rich motifs correlated well with hypervariable region recombination sites across the HAdV-D genomes, suggesting foci of DNA instability lead to formulaic patterns of homologous recombination and confer agility to adenovirus evolution.

Human adenoviruses (HAdVs) are a significant cause of acute respiratory infections (ARIs), particularly in pediatric populations. Continuous molecular surveillance is essential to understand their epidemiology, genetic diversity, and seasonal dynamics. In 2024, a surveillance study was conducted in Bangkok, Thailand, involving 8,130 nasopharyngeal swabs collected from ARI patients. HAdV was detected in 5.3% (429/8,130) of ARI cases, with peak weekly positivity reaching 17.7% during weeks 10-12 (March). These HAdV-positive samples were subsequently genotyped through partial hexon gene sequencing and phylogenetic analysis using the maximum likelihood method. HAdV-B3 was the predominant genotype (70.7%), followed by HAdV-C2 (11.6%) and HAdV-C1 (10.4%). Genotype diversity increased toward the end of the year, with the emergence of HAdV-B7, C5, and C6. The majority of cases occurred in children aged 0-9 years, with HAdV-B3 dominating across all pediatric groups. Phylogenetic analysis revealed close genetic relationships between Thai strains and reference strains from China, Japan, the USA, and Europe, indicating both local circulation and international linkages. Despite the detection of HAdV-B7, no severe outcomes were reported in this cohort. This study also reports potential relevant sites under episodic positive selection in the hexon gene, suggesting adaptive evolution at specific codon positions. This study provides updated insight into the molecular epidemiology of HAdV in Thailand. The findings highlight seasonal and age-specific patterns in genotype distribution and underscore the importance of continued genomic surveillance to detect emerging variants and guide public health responses.

Acute gastroenteritis (AGE) is a common pediatric infection that remains a significant cause of childhood morbidity and mortality worldwide, especially in low-income regions. Thus, the objective of this study was to detect human adenovirus (HAdV) and non-polio enterovirus (NPEV) in fecal samples from the Gastroenteritis Surveillance Network, and to identify circulating strains by nucleotide sequencing. A total of 801 fecal samples were tested using qPCR/RT-qPCR, and 657 (82.0%) were inoculated into HEp-2C and RD cell lines. The HAdV and NPEV positivity rates obtained using qPCR/RT-qPCR were 31.7% (254/801) and 10.5% (84/801), respectively, with 5.4% (43/801) co-detection. Cytopathic effect was observed in 9.6% (63/657) of patients, 2.7% (18/657) associated with HAdV, and 6.2% (41/657) associated with NPEV after testing by ICC-PCR. A comparison of the two methodologies demonstrated an agreement of 93.5% for EVNP and 64.4% for HAdV. These two viruses were detected throughout the study period, with HAdV positivity rates ranging from 41% in Amapá to 18% in Pará. The NEPV varied from 18% in Pará/Rondônia to 3% in Acre. The most affected age group was over 60 months for both HAdV and NPEV. Samples previously positive for rotavirus and norovirus, which did not show a major difference in the presence or absence of diarrhea, fever, and vomiting, were excluded from the clinical analyses of these two viruses. These viruses circulated over five years, with a few months of absence, mainly during the months corresponding to the waves of SARS-CoV-2 infection in Brazil. Five HAdV species were identified (A, B, C, D, and F), with a greater predominance of HAdV-F41 (56.5%) followed by HAdV-C (15.2%). Three NPEV species (A, B, and C) were detected, with serotypes E14 (19.3%) and CVA-24 (16.1%) being the most prevalent. The present study revealed a high diversity of NPEV and HAdV types circulating in children with AGE symptoms in the northern region of Brazil.

Purpose Human adenoviruses (HAdVs) have always been suggested as one of the main causes of gastroenteritis in children. However, no comprehensive report on the global epidemiology of these viruses in pediatric gastroenteritis is available. Methods A systematic search was conducted to obtain published papers from 2003 to 2023 in three main databases PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. Results The estimated global pooled prevalence of HAdV infection in children with gastroenteritis was 10% (95% CI: 9-11%), with a growing trend after 2010. The highest prevalence was observed in Africa (20%, 95% CI: 14–26%). The prevalence was higher in inpatients (11%; 95% CI: 8-13%) and patients aged 5 years old and younger (9%; 95% CI: 7-10%). However, no significant difference was observed between male and female patients ( P  = 0.63). The most prevalent species was found to be the species F (57%; 95% CI: 41-72%). The most common HAdVs observed in children with gastroenteritis were types 40/41, 38, and 2. Analysis of case-control studies showed an association between HAdV and gastroenteritis in children (OR: 2.28, 95% CI; 1.51–3.44). Conclusion This study provided valuable insights into the importance of HAdVs in children with gastroenteritis, especially in hospitalized and younger children. The results can be used in future preventive measurements and the development of effective vaccines.

Only 2 cases of human adenovirus type 14 (HAdV-14) have been reported in Japan since 1980. We report a 7-year-old girl with acute encephalopathy associated with HAdV-14 infection genetically similar to strains from the United States. The patient had not had contact with international travelers. HAdV-14 surveillance should be strengthened in Japan.