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Chronic and infected wounds represent a persistent global health burden. Medicinal plants offer a promising source of wound-healing agents due to their multitarget activities, long history of traditional use, and accessibility. L. (ACV), traditionally used to treat a range of ailments, such as respiratory, urinary, and skin disorders, was investigated for its wound-healing potential following methanol extraction. We evaluated the effects of methanol extracts of ACV (ACVM) on cell proliferation, migration and antioxidative capacity in human keratinocytes (HaCaT), and anti-inflammatory activity in RAW 264.7 cells. We also explored its combination with visible light phototherapy. Chemical profiling via HPTLC analysis, UV/Vis spectrophotometry and HPLC analysis, together confirmed that ACVM contained more metabolites than other extracts, yielding five visible-light absorption peaks and identifying rutin and chlorogenic acid as major metabolites. At ≤100 μg/mL, ACVM was non-toxic to HaCaT cells in the absence of visible light. However, phototoxicity was evident at 200 μg/mL. ACVM (50 μg/mL) significantly promoted HaCaT migration, with a further enhancement upon exposure to light. ACVM also suppressed H O -induced ROS generation in a dose-dependent manner (≤50 μg/mL), while light exerted a bidirectional modulatory effect. Additionally, ACVM markedly inhibited LPS-induced secretion of CXCL2, CCL2, CXCL10, TNF-α, and IL-6 in RAW 264.7 macrophages, with effects evident at concentrations as low as 0.1 μg/mL. These findings suggest that ACVM, particularly in combination with light-assisted therapy, shows promise for accelerating wound healing.

This experimental study is done to clarify the protective role of the Adiantum capillus-veneris linn plant extracts ( ACVL ) in Sprague-Dawley female rat reproductive organs that are intoxicated by carbendazim pesticide (CBZ). This aim is achieved by the immunohistochemical detection of the inflammatory marker NF-ҡB-P65. This aim is achieved by the immunohistochemical detection of the inflammatory marker NF-ҡB-P65 and also, description of the histopathological and pathophysiological changes. Thirty-two rats were divided into four groups ( n  = 8) and were daily treated orally for 4 weeks. The first group as a control, the second group was treated with ACVL plant extract 200 mg/kg b.w., the third group was treated with CBZ 25 mg/kg b.w., and the fourth group was treated with CBZ 25 mg +  ACVL plant extract 200 mg/kg b.w. The pathophysiological results showed that in the third group, the ovarian tissue malondialdehyde content was elevated, but the fourth group exhibited it at a normal level. Reductions in the ovarian tissue content of glutathione, superoxide dismutase activity, 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, and also serum FSH, LH, and estradiol hormones were observed in the third group, while, in the fourth group, all these items recorded normal level. The histopathological findings in the third group exhibited severe congestion and hemorrhage in the ovaries, oviducts, myometrium, gastric submucosa, splenic white pulps, and brain subarachnoid spaces. The fourth group showed protection from the congestion and hemorrhage, and no histopathological changes occurred. The immunohistochemical results in the third group revealed strong positive immunoreaction against the NF-ҡB-P65 antigen in the uterus and stomach. Ovaries, spleen, and brain showed moderate positive immunoreaction. The fourth group disclosed negative immunoreaction for the NF-ҡB-P65 antigen. In conclusion, CBZ toxicity induced histopathological changes in female rat reproductive organs. CBZ induced changes in the enzymatic activities measured in ovarian and brain tissue homogenates. CBZ causes an elevation in NF-ҡB P65 as an inflammatory marker, especially in the uterus and stomach. The ACVL plant extract acts as a protective factor to prevent the CBZ toxicity and also has an anti-inflammatory effect by decreasing the synthesis of NF-ҡB-P65.

Maidenhair fern (Adiantum capillus‐veneris) is a common medicinal plant used in traditional systems to treat various illnesses. Its rich phytochemical composition, which includes flavonoids, phenolic acids, triterpenoids, saponins, and tannins, is thought to be responsible for its medicinal qualities. The review illustrates the pharmacological activities of Adiantum capillus‐veneris, focusing on its antioxidant, anti‐inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antidiabetic potentials, as supported by in vitro and in vivo studies. Antioxidant activity is the main factor in the plant's success in clearing out the reactive oxygen species (ROS), as tested in the case of notable effects from DPPH. The relationship between inflammation and the capability of prospection and treatment of inflammatory mediators such as TNF‐α, IL‐6, and prostaglandin E2 is the manner in which this gathering of the NF‐κB pathway is conducted. Also, the plant possesses antidiabetic properties through the α‐glucosidase and other carbohydrate‐metabolizing enzymes. Cutting‐edge technology involving the use of advanced extraction and analytical methods, such as Soxhlet extraction and GC–MS has interacted with the identification of bioactive compounds. Even so, problems are not absent, as standardized extraction protocols and minimal clinical trial data are still scarce. Additionally, our understanding of molecular mechanisms is lacking. This paper presents Adiantum capillus‐veneris as a natural remedy with great promise. To ensure its effectiveness and safe incorporation into modern medicine, adequate investigation (such as clinical studies and formulation development) is essential. Adiantum capillus‐veneris (Maidenhair fern) is a medicinal plant known for its rich phytochemical composition and diverse therapeutic properties. This review highlights its antioxidant, anti‐inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antidiabetic activities, along with modern extraction techniques for isolating bioactive compounds. Despite promising evidence, further clinical research is essential to confirm its medicinal potential.

Linn (Maidenhair fern) is an herb belonging to the family Pteridaceae. It is named as \" \" in medical and pharmaceutical textbooks of Iranian Traditional Medicine. The fronds of Maidenhair fern were mainly administrated by ancient physicians as single medicine or in combination with other plants in multi-herbal formulations for curing different diseases. Because of different chemical compositions, the herb fronds were also assessed for its numerous pharmacological effects. Therefore, the current study was done to review the traditional usage and modern pharmacological and toxicological effects of Maidenhair fern. Scientific databases and publications including Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, Science direct, Cochrane Library, SID (for Persian papers) and medical and pharmaceutical textbooks of traditional medicine as well were searched for \" \", \" \" and \" \" without limitation up to 2016. Maidenhair fern exhibited to possess anti-diabetic, anticonvulsant, analgesic, hypocholesterolemic, goitrogenic, anti-thyroidal, antibacterial, antifungal, wound healing, antiobesity, anti hair loss, anti-asthmatic, anti-inflammatory, antidiarrheal and antispasmodic, antioxidant as well as diuretic, anti-urolithiatic and detoxifying effects in modern medicine. Ancient physicians declared some of the confirmed pharmacological effects. Maidenhair fern frond can be a good candidate for clinical purpose. Therefore, future researches on the other mentioned effects in traditional medicine are recommended.

Depression is one of the most common psychiatric disorders with a prevalence of 15%-25%. Monoamine aminotransferases, in particular, norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine, change in the brain of depressed people. Adiantum capillus-veneris is one of the species of the maidenhair fern genus that have traditionally been used to treat cough, cold symptoms, and local hair loss.In this experimental study, white male rats weighing 250-300 g were assigned to 5 groups of 10 each; group 1: Receiving normal saline; groups 2-4: Receiving A.capillus-veneris extract at 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg, respectively; and group 5: Receiving fluoxetine at 10 mg/kg. Chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) was induced by 3-week exposure to chronic stress. The forced swim test and plus maze were used to assess depression and anxiety, respectively. Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and antioxidant capacity in the serum and brain were measured. Treatment with A.capillus-veneris extract at 200 mg/kg significantly reduced the duration of immobility. In the group given extract at 200 mg/kg, a significant increase in the number of open arm entries was observed when compared to the control group. A.capillus-veneris extract at 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg resulted in a significant increase in the time spent in the open arm. A.capillus-veneris extract reduced MDA levels and increased antioxidant levels of serum and brain in rat. A.capillus-veneris has significant antidepressant and anti-anxiety effects in rat, probably due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities.

Ferns are a large and evolutionarily critical group of vascular land plants for which quite limited mitochondrial gene content and genome organization data are, currently, available. This study reports that the gene for the ribosomal protein S3 (rps3) is preserved and physically clustered to an upstream rps19 and a downstream overlapping rpl16 locus in the mitochondrial DNA of the true fern Adiantum capillus-veneris L. Sequence analysis also revealed that the rps3 gene is interrupted by two cis-splicing group II introns, like the counterpart in lycopod and gymnosperm representatives. A preliminary polymerase chain reaction (PCR) survey confirmed a scattered distribution pattern of both the rps3 introns also in other fern lineages. Northern blot and reverse transcription (RT)–PCR analyses demonstrated that the three ribosomal protein genes are co-transcribed as a polycistronic mRNA and modified by RNA editing. Particularly, the U-to-C type editing amends numerous genomic stop codons in the A. capillus-veneris rps19, rps3 and rpl16 sequences, thus, assuring the synthesis of complete and functional polypeptides. Collectively, the findings from this study further expand our knowledge of the mitochondrial rps3 architecture and evolution, also, bridging the significant molecular data gaps across the so far underrepresented ferns and all land plants.

Chloroplasts change their positions in a cell in response to light intensities. The photoreceptors involved in chloroplast photo-relocation movements and the behavior of chloroplasts during their migration were identified in our previous studies, but the mechanism of movement has yet to be clarified. In this study, the behavior of actin filaments under various light conditions was observed in Adiantum capillus - veneris gametophytes. In chloroplasts staying in one place under a weak light condition and not moving, circular structures composed of actin filaments were observed around the chloroplast periphery. In contrast, short actin filaments were observed at the leading edge of moving chloroplasts induced by partial cell irradiation. In the dark, the circular structures found under the weak light condition disappeared and then reappeared around the moving chloroplasts. Mutant analyses revealed that the disappearance of the circular actin structure was mediated by the blue light photoreceptor, phototropin2.

This paper presents the first quantitative ethnobotanical study of the flora in Toli Peer National Park of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan. Being a remote area, there is a strong dependence by local people on ethnobotanical practices. Thus, we attempted to record the folk uses of the native plants of the area with a view to acknowledging and documenting the ethnobotanical knowledge. The aims of the study were to compile an inventory of the medicinal plants in the study area and to record the methods by which herbal drugs were prepared and administered. Information on the therapeutic properties of medicinal plants was collected from 64 local inhabitants and herbalists using open ended and semi-structured questionnaires over the period Aug 2013-Jul 2014. The data were recorded into a synoptic table comprising an ethnobotanical inventory of plants, the parts used, therapeutic indications and modes of application or administration. Different ethnobotanical indices i.e. relative frequencies of citation (RFC), relative importance (RI), use value (UV) and informant consensus factor (Fic), were calculated for each of the recorded medicinal plants. In addition, a correlation analysis was performed using SPSS ver. 16 to check the level of association between use value and relative frequency of citation. A total of 121 species of medicinal plants belonging to 57 families and 98 genera were recorded. The study area was dominated by herbaceous species (48%) with leaves (41%) as the most exploited plant part. The Lamiaceae and Rosaceae (9% each) were the dominant families in the study area. Among different methods of preparation, the most frequently used method was decoction (26 species) of different plant parts followed by use as juice and powder (24 species each), paste (22 species), chewing (16 species), extract (11 species), infusion (10 species) and poultice (8 species). The maximum Informant consensus factor (Fic) value was for gastro-intestinal, parasitic and hepatobiliary complaints (0.90). Berberis lycium Ajuga bracteosa, Prunella vulgaris, Adiantum capillus-veneris, Desmodium polycarpum, Pinus roxburgii, Albizia lebbeck, Cedrella serrata, Rosa brunonii, Punica granatum, Jasminum mesnyi and Zanthoxylum armatum were the most valuable plants with the highest UV, RFC and relative importance values. The Pearson correlation coefficient between UV and RFC (0.881) reflects a significant positive correlation between the use value and relative frequency of citation. The coefficient of determination indicated that 77% of the variability in UV could be explained in terms of RFC. Systematic documentation of the medicinal plants in the Toli Peer National Park shows that the area is rich in plants with ethnomedicinal value and that the inhabitants of the area have significant knowledge about the use of such plants with herbal drugs commonly used to cure infirmities. The results of this study indicate that carrying out subsequent pharmacological and phytochemical investigations in this part of Pakistan could lead to new drug discoveries.

Adiantum capillus-veneris L. is known for its bioactive compounds and health benefits. In this study, the physicochemical, functional, and sensory properties of set‐type yogurt fortified with Adiantum capillus-veneris L. extract (ACVE) were evaluated during 21 days of storage. Higher pH values and lower acidity were observed in yogurts containing 0.25% and 0.5% ACVE on Day 21 of storage. ACVE enhanced water holding capacity (WHC), a ∗ and b ∗ values, total phenolic content (TPC), antioxidant activity, and α‐amylase inhibition (by more than three times). Additionally, the yogurts containing 0.25% and 0.5% ACVE showed a higher storage modulus, complex viscosity, and a more compact microstructure. Moreover, ACVE reduced syneresis and the L ∗ value of yogurt ( p < 0.05). The addition of 0.25% and 0.5% ACVE in yogurt significantly reduced the LAB on the first day of storage. However, ACVE‐fortified yogurts exhibited significantly higher LAB counts at the end of the storage ( p < 0.05). An increase in acidity and a decrease in pH were observed with prolonged storage, except in yogurt with 0.5% ACVE. The TPC, antioxidant activity, WHC, and LAB counts of fortified yogurts were enhanced during storage, whereas syneresis and α‐amylase inhibition were reduced ( p < 0.05). Sensory evaluation indicated that all yogurts were acceptable, and no significant difference in overall acceptance was observed between yogurts containing 0.1% and 0.25% ACVE and the control ( p > 0.05). Therefore, ACVE (particularly at levels up to 0.25%) can be used as a novel functional additive to enhance the quality characteristics of yogurt.

There are many available reports of secondary metabolites as bioactive molecules from culturable endophytes, nevertheless, there are scarce research pertaining to the levels of metabolites in plants with respect to the incidence and colonisation of fungal endophytes in the same foliar tissues. Therefore, the study was focussed to examine whether fungal endophyte colonisation and the accumulation of secondary metabolites, such as flavonoids and phenols, in the plants are related in any way. For this reason, the study aims to analyse phenols and flavonoids from the fronds of eleven pteridophytes along with the culture-dependent isolation of fungal endophytes from the host plants subsequently assigning them to morphological category and their quantitative analysis and further resolving its identities through molecular affiliation. The results revealed that nine morpho-categories of fungal endophytes were allotted based on culture attributes, hyphal patterns and reproductive structural characters. Highest numbers of species were isolated from Adiantum capillus-veneris and least was recorded from Pteris vittata and Dicranopteris linearis. Maximum phenol content was analysed from the fronds of P. vittata and lowest was recorded in A. capillus-veneris. Highest flavonoid content was measured in D. linearis and lowest was detected in Christella dentata. Significant negative correlation was observed between phenol content of ferns and species richness of fungi. Moreover, significant positive correlation was observed with the relative abundance of Chaetomium globosum and flavonoid content of ferns and negative significant relation was found between relative abundance of Pseudopestalotiopsis chinensis and phenol content of pteridophytes. The occurrence and the quantitative aspects of endophytes in ferns and their secondary metabolites are discussed.