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This work aims to analyze the influence of adjective phrases in small talk on the purchasing decision in the Badung traditional market. Data were analyzed using measures adapted from Creswell (2007). In analyzing the data is based on the small talk classification of apologies, condole, congratulate, greet, thanks, bid, accept, and reject speech functions. As a result, most of the sellers in the Badung traditional market did not use adjective phrases in small talk to influence purchasing decisions. They have various strategies to greet and influence the buyer in small talk. In small talk, sellers and buyers can make negotiations and change purchasing decisions. During the data analysis, the researcher concluded that in doing small talk, the speaker must ensure that the interlocutor understands every utterance conveyed. Thus, there is a clear understanding. The conclusion is small talk does not only function as a greeting but also as a tool to create an ongoing communication relationship.

Climate change is a crisis that threatens humanity and has for this reason become the focus of several studies. This needs to be highlighted in academic studies across all disciplines to raise public awareness. The present study focuses on analyzing the translation of documentaries addressing the climate crisis. The form of translation under study is audiovisual, or the translation of multimodal texts that convey meaning through the interplay of different modes. Audiences who are not familiar with the source language of audiovisual multimodal productions rely on their subtitles to form meaning. This study aims to explore the challenges involved in the transfer of key syntactic structures such as adjective phrases and compounding in multimodal texts during the process of subtitling. It attempts to investigate how syntactic differences can be a challenge in the process of subtitling between Arabic and English, due to the different nature of the structure of both languages. This study is based on Hartmut Stöckl’s (2004) categorization of core modes. It also employs Kress and van Leeuwen’s Multimodal Discourse Analysis approach (2006). The study investigates the subtitles of two climate documentaries aired on Netflix as case studies, namely Kiss the Ground (2020) and Seaspiracy (2021). The analysis seeks to form a link between academic theorizing and the practices employed by professional subtitlers. The findings reveal that subtitlers rely on strategies such as omission and changing the cutting to maintain multimodal balance.

This study presents a corpus-based analysis of adjective phrases consisting of a grading element (‘grader’), a deadjectival adverb and an adjectival head. The interest of this pattern derives from the fact that these three constituents can occur in three different orders, as exemplified by more cognitively complex , cognitively more complex and more complex cognitively . The analysis builds primarily on the distinction between domain and non-domain adverbs. ADJPs with domain adverbs have different patterns from ADJPs with other adverbs. Whereas the adverb–grader–adjective order predominates in ADJPs with domain adverbs, the grader–adverb–adjective order is the most frequent type in ADJPs with non-domain adverbs. Within the set of non-domain adverbs, a secondary distinction is made between lexical and more grammatical types. Lexical adverbs are found to preferentially associate with the grader–adverb–adjective order while the more grammatical adverbs gravitate towards the adverb–grader–adjective order. The following five factors account for the empirical results: branching direction, the frequent-unit-first hypothesis, proximity, analogy/uniformity and modifier–head order. Structural representations are argued to draw on lexical information which is not coded by terminal nodes.

This article outlines the inconsistent ways in which reference grammars make the distinction between postmodification and complementation in the structure of English adjective phrases and adverb phrases, and attempts to provide a solution to this terminological quandary.

The theoretical framework of this paper is based on the Extended Adjectival Projection hypothesis first introduced by Corver (1997). In Absolute Measure Phrase constructions (AMPC), of the “2m tall” type, we argue that, in the Romance equivalent “alto de 2m”, the adjective first merges with the functional item ‘de’, and then with an inflected functional head, above the MP position. As there is independent motivation that this position is [Spec, QAP], we consider ‘de’ as a spell-out of the functional quantifier head QAº. We propose the Adjectival Linker Hypothesis (ALH), in which ‘de’ is a binding particle whose function is to allow the projection of absolute measurement expressions in Romance gradable adjectives syntax. The data resulting from the insertion of ‘de’ is then crossed with other adjectival expressions in Romance, Germanic and Scandinavian, in which the QA position is alternatively filled by different QA spell-outs. Further Romance data is then confronted with some cases of pseudopartitive adjectival ‘de’ in a Small Clause like configuration. We finally introduce a MP parameter to justify how variations affect the adjectival expressions of measurement across languages, and how and why the functional head QA may be null or filled with ‘de’, therefore postulating a phonetically null form as one of its various spell-outs. In the absence of an absolute MP and its related ALH, QA is alternatively filled with regular, lexical spell-outs such as superlative suffixes or autonomous morphemes. Lastly, in the case of relative MP expressions, a functional head DegA is lexically filled with a degree morpheme, switching the whole adjectival expression to a comparative form.

Over the last decades, it has been hotly debated whether and how compounds, i.e.word-formations, and phrases differ from each other.The book discusses this issue by investigating compounds and phrases from a structural, semantic-functional and, crucially, cognitive perspective.

Kırgızcada “bar” sözcüğü dünyada mevcut olan madde, nesne, her türlü olay ve hareket sürecinin var oluşunu, mevcut olduğunu bildirir ve madde, belirti, süreç ve ilişki ile alâkalı bilgi verme görevini yerine getirir. Tek başına anlamı olan isim soylu bir sözcüktür. İsim gibi çekime girer. İşlevi ve anlamı bakımından çok esnek olup yüklem, sıfat grubu, ünlem ve edat (zarf da olabilir) olarak da görev yapmaktadır. Cümlede bir cümle ögesi görevini üstlenebileceği gibi bir cümle de oluşturabilir. Cümlede genellikle yüklem olarak karşımıza çıkar ve özne ile uyum içinde olur. “Bar” sözcüğü bulunan sıfat cümlesinin yükleminde anlamsal bir farklılık vardır. Bu tür cümlelerde yüklem öznenin somut bir vasfını değil, onun var oluşu ve miktarı gibi durum belirtisini bildirmekle farklılık göstermektedir. Kırgız lehçesinde “bar” sözcüğü leksik-dil bilgisel anlamlarda (nesne, vasıf, ünlem, edat vb.) kullanılır. Söz içinde yer alan böylesi birkaç türe ayrılması iletişimde farklı farklı olaylara, konuşmacının dinleyiciyle olan ilişkisine vb. çok taraflı durumlara bağlıdır. “Bar” sözcüğü işlevi bakımından çok esnek, kullanım alanı ve semantik alanı geniş ve Kırgızcanın söz varlığında çok sık kullanılan bir sözcük olarak ortaya çıkmaktadır.

This chapter explores the remaining lexical categories in English, adjective and adverb and also discusses the category preposition, whose identity as a lexical category is a bit fuzzy; prepositions actually share certain features with functional categories. The semantics of adjectives is quite complex. In general, adjectives are modifiers, or phrases that describe nouns. In traditional grammar, determiners, quantifiers, and even numerals are often classified as “adjectives.” Spielbergian and Beatlesque are recently created eponymous adjectives, adjectives derived from proper names, but also using adjectival affixes: an and esque . Adjectives in English take only two inflectional affixes: the comparative and superlative affixes ‐ er /‐ est . Some adjective phrases, however, also occur in postnominal position, typically with indefinite pronouns such as something, nothing, anything, everything or similar terms, which are, in fact, ungrammatical with prenominal adjective phrase modifiers.

This chapter explores the syntactic structure of noun phrases in more detail. It discusses the different categories of words that occur with nouns in more detail. The complex semantics of quantifiers highlights the importance of differentiating among the classes of words that precede nouns. Clearly, quantifiers differ from determiners and numerals, and the catch‐all label of adjective for all these classes of words obscures important facts about the knowledge of language. Partitive noun phrases, include quantifiers or numerals, and express the relationship of “a part to a whole”. The chapter then discusses some other kinds of noun phrases, including partitive, collective, and measure noun phrases, and also investigates how nouns can be introduced by possessive noun phrases. Adjective phrases add additional information to the noun, information that is different from the kinds of information expressed by determiners, numerals, or quantifiers.