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In this study, the authors used epigenetics, allelic activity, motif conservation, and other techniques to dissect the regulatory circuitry and mechanistic basis of the association between the FTO region and obesity. An adipocyte thermogenesis pathway that appears important was found. Obesity affects more than 500 million people worldwide and contributes to type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disorders, and cancer. 1 Obesity is the result of a positive energy balance, whereby energy intake exceeds expenditure, resulting in the storage of energy, primarily as lipids in white adipocytes. Energy balance is modulated by food consumption and physical activity, as well as by the dissipation of energy as heat through constitutive thermogenesis in mitochondria-rich brown adipocytes in brown fat and through inducible thermogenesis in beige adipocytes in white fat. 2 – 6 Thermogenesis is triggered by mechanisms within the cells themselves or by the sympathetic nervous system . . .

To determine how characteristics of pregnancy, birth, and early infancy are related to offspring obesity at three critical developmental periods. Mothers were followed through pregnancy and 10–15 years after. Offspring data were obtained through medical record review. Maternal and offspring characteristics were examined to predict obesity in childhood (ages 4–5 years), adolescence (ages 9–14 years), and early adulthood (ages 19–20 years). The original cohort included 802 children born to 795 women. Children who were twins, who had died, or whose mothers had died were excluded ( n  = 25). Medical records of 68.5% of the remaining 777 children documented a height and weight at childhood, adolescence, or early adulthood. Relative risks (RRs) to predict obesity at early adulthood were 12.3 for childhood and 45.1 at adolescence. RRs were also significant to predict obesity at early adulthood between the mother’s obesity at prepregnancy (RR = 6.4), 4–5 years postpregnancy (RR = 6.3), and 10–15 years postpregnancy (RR = 6.2). Excluding these variables from the multivariate models and adjusting by gender, birth insurance, and mother’s marital status at delivery, the best model to predict obesity at childhood included birth weight, weight gain in infancy, and delivery type. At adolescence, it included maternal pregnancy smoking status, gestational weight gain, and weight gain in infancy, and in early adulthood, included maternal pregnancy smoking status, gestational weight gain, and birth weight. Maternal pregnancy smoking status, gestational weight gain, and weight gain in infancy have long-term effects on offspring. Maternal obesity is the strongest predictor of obesity at all times studied.

Adult obesity rates have risen steadily across the United States over the past decade, with more than 40% of adults affected. Persistent geographic and demographic disparities exist in obesity prevalence across the nation. While prior research has examined individual or environmental associated factors of obesity, limited studies have addressed both physical activity and food environments across the nation using multilevel approaches. This cross-sectional ecological study (2014–2024) used a two-level random intercept model to assess the association between county- and state-level factors and adult obesity prevalence across over 3000 U.S. counties nested within 51 states. County-level associated factors included food insecurity, poverty, unemployment, median household income, limited access to stores, and the density of various food outlets (grocery stores, convenience stores, supercenters, fast-food restaurants, Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP)-authorized retailers, and farmers’ markets), along with access to recreational facilities. State-level factors included SNAP benefits per capita and the presence of soda and chip taxes. Variables were group-mean- or grand-mean-centered to distinguish within- and between-state effects. Results showed that food insecurity, poverty, unemployment, limited access to stores, and a higher density of fast-food and convenience stores were positively associated with adult obesity prevalence. While higher recreational facility access, supercenter availability, median household income, SNAP benefits per capita were associated with lower adult obesity prevalence, these associations varied in strength across counties and states. These results emphasize the need for place-based strategies that address both the physical activity and food environment in shaping obesity disparities.

Indonesia has an increasing number of obese people every year. Risk factors and complications caused by obesity can increase morbidity and mortality in the community. One of factors causing the increasing number of obese people is caused by the decreasing level of physical activities done by Indonesian people.This study aims to determine the effect of physical activity levels on the risk of obesity. The study used an observational analytic case control design. Subjects were chosen through a purposive sampling method. The population was young adults in Surabaya. The sample of the study included 97 obese adults and 97 non-obese adults. The study was conducted in March - July 2018 in South Surabaya through distributing questionnaires to two groups. The questionnaire given used the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ). The results showed that physical activity performed by adult age group of obesity was mostly classified as low activity (59,8%), while non-obese adult age group was mostly included in medium activity (56,6%).This shows a significant difference in physical activity between obese and non-obese groups (p=0,047). It can be concluded that decreased levels of physical activity may increase the risk of obesity in adult.

Obesity negatively affects physical and psychological health and increases health care costs. Although there is increasing interest in early diagnosis and timely intervention, there are several principles of care included in the current guidelines for clinical management of obesity that can potentially be updated and improved to address the “clinical inertia” and, consequently, to optimize the management of adult obesity. Using an online Delphi-based process, an Italian board of experts involved in the management of obesity discussed the usefulness of a pro-active approach to the care of patients with obesity, providing a consensus document with practical indications to identify risk factors for morbidity and death and raise awareness throughout the treatment continuum, including the early stages of the disease. In clinical practice, it seems inappropriate to delay an intervention that could avoid progression to a more severe level of obesity and/or prevent the onset of obesity-related comorbidities. Level of evidence Level V, report of expert committee.

Two-thirds of the US population is either overweight or obese. Obesity is one of the major drivers of preventable diseases and health care costs. In the US, current estimates for these costs range from $147 to $210 billion per year. Obesity is a multifactorial disease: genetics, lifestyle choices, metabolism, and diet. Low-fat diets have been suggested as the key to weight management. However, over the past 30 years, the calories from fat in people's diets have gone down, but obesity rates keep climbing. Evidence suggests that diets high in added sugar promote the development of obesity. However, the impact of sugar consumption on weight gain and body fat accumulation remains a controversial topic. Therefore, the aim of this review is to provide basic framework information about the prevalence of obesity and sugar consumption in the US over the last five decades. We also review the process by which sugar is converted to fat and stored in the human body. The relationship between sugar consumption and obesity was analyzed using United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Sugar and Sweetener Outlook data, and obesity prevalence was analyzed using data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). The analysis revealed a reduction in sugar consumption concurrent with a slowing down of the annual rate of increase of obesity. However, although the data show that the sugar consumption trend is going in the right direction (declining), the US population still consumes more than 300% of the recommended daily amount of added sugar.

ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to analyse the status regarding inequities in adult obesity and central obesity in China. Thus, income-related inequality for both diseases and the underlying factors were examined.Methods and designThe China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS)—conducted from 1997 to 2011—included 128 307 participants; in this study, 79 566 individuals classified as obese and 65 250 regarded as suffering from central obesity according to the CHNS were analysed. A body mass index greater than 27 was considered indicative of obesity; men and women with a waist circumference of more than 102 cm and 80 cm, respectively, were considered as suffering from central obesity. The concentration index was employed to analyse inequality in adult obesity and central obesity. The decomposition of this index based on a probit model was used to calculate the horizontal inequality index.ResultsThe prevalence of adult obesity increased from 8.34% in 1997 to 17.74% in 2011, and that of central obesity increased from 6.52% in 1997 to 16.79% in 2011. The horizontal inequality index for adult obesity decreased from 0.1377 in 1997 to 0.0164 in 2011; for central obesity, it decreased from 0.0806 in 1997 to −0.0193 in 2011. The main causes of inequality for both diseases are, among others, economic status, marital status and educational attainment.ConclusionsFrom 1997 to 2011, the prevalence of adult obesity and central obesity increased annually. The pro-rich inequalities in both adult and central obesity decreased from 1997 to 2011. The inequality in central obesity was more prominent in the low-income group in 2011. Future policies may need to address obesity reduction among the poor.

Background Childhood trauma increases the risk for adult obesity through multiple complex pathways, and the neural substrates are yet to be determined. Methods Participants from three population-based neuroimaging cohorts, including the IMAGEN cohort, the UK Biobank (UKB), and the Human Connectome Project (HCP), were recruited. Voxel-based morphometry analysis of both childhood trauma and body mass index (BMI) was performed in the longitudinal IMAGEN cohort; validation of the findings was performed in the UKB. White-matter connectivity analysis was conducted to study the structural connectivity between the identified brain region and subdivisions of the hypothalamus in the HCP. Results In IMAGEN, a smaller frontopolar cortex (FPC) was associated with both childhood abuse (CA) ( β  = − .568, 95%CI − .942 to − .194; p  = .003) and higher BMI ( β  = − .086, 95%CI − .128 to − .043; p  < .001) in male participants, and these findings were validated in UKB. Across seven data collection sites, a stronger negative CA-FPC association was correlated with a higher positive CA-BMI association ( β  = − 1.033, 95%CI − 1.762 to − .305; p  = .015). Using 7-T diffusion tensor imaging data ( n  = 156), we found that FPC was the third most connected cortical area with the hypothalamus, especially the lateral hypothalamus. A smaller FPC at age 14 contributed to higher BMI at age 19 in those male participants with a history of CA, and the CA-FPC interaction enabled a model at age 14 to account for some future weight gain during a 5-year follow-up (variance explained 5.8%). Conclusions The findings highlight that a malfunctioning, top-down cognitive or behavioral control system, independent of genetic predisposition, putatively contributes to excessive weight gain in a particularly vulnerable population, and may inform treatment approaches.

The medical needs of obesity have been underrecognized, though it has posed long-term and enormous challenges to global health. Correspondingly, clinical services for obesity are still uncommon and in their infancy across health systems. It is meaningful to sort out the implementation of such clinical services involving a multiplicity of factors to identify measures for service development, scaling-up and optimization. This study aims to generate a comprehensive understanding of key variables and factors in the utilization and delivery of clinical services for adult patients with obesity and their dynamic patterns and to explore viable options for improved implementation of such services in health systems. We conducted a scoping review of published articles in the database from the lens of system dynamics through causal loop diagramming. Based on the data obtained from the review, we employed the causal loop diagramming as a tool to capture the variables in the implementation of clinical obesity services and their causal relationships. Twenty-one studies were finally included in the review. Based on the evidence consolidated through the review, we developed a causal loop diagram containing 19 causal variables and 38 causal arrows in single directions centered around the service utilization and delivery in the clinical obesity service. The feedback loops revealed potential activation points to intervene to facilitate the service implementation, such as, promotion of obesity as a disease with medical needs and available clinical services, provision of obesity-specific medical education and training opportunities, and prioritization of obesity-specific procedures in clinical protocols. The possible intervention points identified through the causal loop analysis can facilitate the development, implementation, and optimization of clinical obesity services in health systems.

BACKGROUND: Little is known about childhood factors and adult obesity. A previous study found a strong association between childhood neglect and obesity in young adults. OBJECTIVE: To estimate associations between self-reported abuse in childhood (sexual, verbal, fear of physical abuse and physical) adult body weight, and risk of obesity. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study with surveys during 1995-1997. PATIENTS: A total of 13 177 members of California health maintenance organization aged 19-92 y. MEASUREMENTS: Body weight measured during clinical examination, followed by mailed survey to recall experiences during first 18 y of life. Estimates adjusted for adult demographic factors and health practices, and characteristics of the childhood household. RESULTS: Some 66% of participants reported one or more type of abuse. Physical abuse and verbal abuse were most strongly associated with body weight and obesity. Compared with no physical abuse (55%), being 'often hit and injured' (2.5%) had a 4.0 kg (95% confidence interval: 2.4-5.6 kg) higher weight and a 1.4 (1.2-1.6) relative risk (RR) of body mass index (BMI)30. Compared with no verbal abuse (53%), being 'often verbally abused' (9.5%) had an RR of 1.9 (1.3-2.7) for BMI40. The abuse associations were not mutually independent, however, because the abuse types strongly co-occurred. Obesity risk increased with number and severity of each type of abuse. The population attributable fraction for 'any mention' of abuse (67%) was 8% (3.4-12.3%) for BMI30 and 17.3% (-1.0-32.4%) for BMI40. CONCLUSIONS: Abuse in childhood is associated with adult obesity. If causal, preventing child abuse may modestly decrease adult obesity. Treatment of obese adults abused as children may benefit from identification of mechanisms that lead to maintenance of adult obesity.