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Rust disease was observed on populations of Suaeda californica near Morro Bay, California. The pathogen was identified as a species of Uromyces based on teliospore and urediniospore morphology and nuc 28S rDNA sequence analysis. The isolate was compared with previously described species of Uromyces that infect members of Chenopodiaceae, prompting a taxonomic reevaluation of Uromyces species on Suaeda. Herein, Uromyces rebeccae is described. It can be differentiated from the closely related U. chenopodii (syn.: Aecidium chenopodii-fruticosi; U. giganteus) based on host range, teliospore morphology, and 28S sequence data. The new combination, Uromyces chenopodii-fruticosi, is made for Aecidium chenopodii-fruticosi, the oldest name for Eurasian Suaeda rust. Finally, it was determined that U. giganteus likely does not occur in the United States and that the rust of S. taxifolia in the United States likely comprises a third, yet unnamed taxon, different from both U. rebeccae and U. chenopodii-fruticosi. This is the first record of a rust fungus on S. californica. An identification key for Uromyces species reported on Chenopodiaceae is provided.

Two-celled puccinioid teliospores are widely distributed in the rust fungi and appear in several independent lineages of the Pucciniales. About 25 genera in 4 families have been described. Species with two-celled teliospores occurring on members of the Annonaceae are described in the genera Dasyspora , Sphaerophragmium , Diorchidium , Puccinia , and Sphenospora . The molecular and morphological investigations from this study show that Diorchidium polyalthiae , Puccinia popowiae and Sphenospora xylopiae do not belong to the genera in which they were originally assigned. Aecidium deightonii was very closely related to S. xylopiae . Two new genera are erected to accommodate these taxa: (1) Puccorchidium , with the two species P. polyalthiae and P. popowiae ; and (2) Sphenorchidium , with the two species S. xylopiae and S. deightonii. They form a well-supported clade in the Pucciniales together with the genus Dasyspora , which also occurs on Annonaceae species, and Puccinia psidii the cause of myrtle rust. The type species of the genus Diorchidium , D. woodii , as well as Sphenospora pallida and S. smilacina appeared within the genus Puccinia . The endocyclic species Endophylloides guineensis occurs on the same host and in the same area as S. xylopiae and S. deightonii , but its relationship could not be determined without DNA data. A key for the rust fungi on Annonaceae with two-celled teliospores is given.

Mayapple rust is a common, disfiguring disease that is widespread in temperate eastern North America wherever the host, Podophyllum peltatum, occurs. Puccinia podophylli, the etiological agent of this rust, has been shown to be distantly related to both Puccinia and Uromyces as exemplified by their types. A systematic study was made to determine the generic classification of P. podophylli. Phylogenetic analyses of two rDNA loci from multiple specimens support the recognition of this taxon as a separate genus of Pucciniaceae. Based on historical literature and type material, P. podophylli was found to represent the type of the forgotten genus Allodus and it is correctly named Allodus podophylli. A neotype is designated for Puccinia podophylli Schwein. (≡ Allodus podophylli) and a lectotype is designated for Aecidium podophylli.

The known species of Pucciniales on the tree genus Annona (Annonaceae), Phakopsora cherimoliae, Batistopsora crucis-filii , B. pistila , as well as the anamorphic species of Aecidium annonae and Uredo rolliniae , were investigated by light microscopy and DNA sequencing. For DNA extraction, N-Phenacylthiazolium bromide (PTB) was used to achieve a higher yield of DNA from herbarium specimens. The phylogenetic analyses were based on the ITS1–5.8S–ITS2 region, partial LSU and SSU of the nuclear rDNA, and the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit 3. The molecular as well as the morphologic investigations indicated that the genus Batistopsora is synonymous with Phakopsora . The two Batistopsora species appeared in all phylogenies within Phakopsora . They form a monophyletic clade together with P. cherimoliae as well as with the anamorphic Uredo rolliniae and the herein newly described species Phakopsora annonae-sylvaticae . Therefore, the following new combinations have been made: Phakopsora crucis-filii , P. pistila and P. rolliniae. Phakopsora crucis-filii and P. pistila could not be distinguished by the used sequences but are morphologically and ecologically well separated. This contradiction is discussed. Phakopsora crucis-filii is firstly reported as a pathogen on the fruit tree Annona squamosa . The species show host preferences to species groups of Annona at the sub-generic level and distribution patterns similar to those of their hosts. In comparison with the rust fungal genus Dasyspora , which occurs on Xylopia (Annonaceae) also in the Neotropics, the Phakopsora spp. on Annona show similar phylogeographical patterns. The redetermination of the host plants has shown that A. annonae does not occur on Annonaceae but on Diospyros hispida (Ebenaceae). Therefore, the new species, Aecidium verannonae , has to be described for the Aecidium species, which occurs really on Annona . It did not appear to be closely related to the Phakopsoraceae in the phylogenetic analysis. An identification key for all known rust fungi on Annona is given.

The nomenclature of the species of rust fungi that occur on species of Myrtaceae is reviewed. Three teleomorph and five anamorph species are accepted. One new combination is made in Physopella, a new species of Uredo is described and a new name is proposed in Uredo. To facilitate identification of the known rust fungi occurring on Myrtaceae, keys are provided to the uredinial and telial taxa. The known hosts of the myrtaceous rusts are recorded. Guava rust, Puccinia psidii, is now known to occur on species in both subfamilies of Myrtaceae, including one of two tribes of the subfamily Psiloxyloideae and seven of the 15 tribes of subfamily Myrtoideae, a total of 20 genera and 71 species. Susceptibility to Puccinia psidii seems to be low among species of Myrtaceae from the Americas but more common among taxa from Asia, Australia and the Pacific.

An annotated list of the rust fungi (Uredinales or Pucciniales) of French Guiana is presented. It enumerates 68 species of which 57 are new reports for the department and 3, Aecidium plukenetiae, Puccinia kourouensis and P. parianicola, are new to science. Dicheirinia guianensis and Hapalophragmium angylocalycis are excluded from the French Guianan mycobiota. New host plants are reported for Batistopsora crucis-filii, B. pistila, Cerotelium ficicola, C. sabiceae, Crossopsora piperis, Desmella aneimiae, Endophyllum guttatum, Kweilingia divina, Puccinia lateritia, Uredo anthurii and Uromyces anguriae. Previously undescribed characters are presented for Achrotelium lucumae, Chaconia ingae, Cerotelium sabiceae, Prospodium amapaensis, Sphenospora smilacina and Uromyces wulffiae-stenoglossae. Chaconia ingae showed haustorial complexes comprising both intracellular hyphae and D-haustoria. In Cerotelium sabiceae, the haustorial mother cells retained the nuclei while D-haustoria were enucleate. The occurrence of these haustorial types in tropical rust fungi is discussed. Internal basidium formation is described for the first time in Sphenospora: teliospores of S. smilacina produced external or internal basidia. The species richness and composition of the French Guianan rust mycobiota are discussed in a neotropical context. © 2012 German Mycological Society and Springer.

This paper presents new species, combinations, national reports and host records for the South African rust fungi (Uredinales/Pucciniales). Endophyllum mpenjatiense on cf. Hibiscus sp. (Malvaceae), Phakopsora combretorum (anamorph Uredo combreticola) on the new host Combretum apiculatum (Combretaceae) and Uredo sekhukhunensis on Ziziphus mucronata (Rhamnaceae) are described as new species. Dietelia cardiospermi and E. metalasiae are proposed as new combinations to replace Aecidium cardiospermi on Cardiospermum halicacabum (Sapindaceae) and A. metalasiae on Metalasia spp. (Asteraceae), respectively. Four species are new records for South Africa: Crossopsora antidesmae-dioicae on Antidesma venosum (Euphorbiaceae), Phakopsora ziziphi-vulgaris on Z. mucronata, and Uromyces cypericola and Puccinia subcoronata, both on a new host, Cyperus albostriatus (Cyperaceae). The record of P. subcoronata is the first one from outside the New World. Puccinia scirpi is reported as a possible addition to the South African rust fungi. New host records and observations are presented for Pucciniastrum agrimoniae that is recorded on two new host genera and species, Cliffortia odorata and Leucosidea sericea (Rosaceae), Uromyces cypericola whose urediniospores are described for the first time, Phakopsora stratosa in that spermogonia and Uredo-like aecia were discovered, and for Sphaerophragmium dalbergiae in that characters of the urediniospores are re-evaluated. A lectotype is selected for Aecidium garckeanum and spermogonia are reported for this rust for the first time. The rust fungi of Ehrharta (Poaceae) are discussed and critically evaluated in the light of spore morphology and host species.

Uromyces lomandracearum is described from leaves of Lomandra spp. in New South Wales and South Australia, and leaves of Acanthocarpus verticillatus from Western Australia. A pycnial/aecial rust on fruit of A. verticillatus from Western Australia is described as Aecidium acanthocarpi . These are the first rusts recorded on genera of Lomandraceae . The relationship of these rusts to one another, and to rusts recorded on other liliaceous hosts, is considered in the light of changing plant classifications. Sori of U. lomandracearum in most collections on Lomandra are heavily parasitised by Sphaerellopsis filum and the effect of this on the disease symptoms produced is discussed.