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"Aeration"
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Aeration control system design : a practical guide to energy and process optimization
\"Proper engineering and execution of aeration control systems is of prime importance to treatment plants, representing a significant savings in labor and energy costs. Taking an integrated, cross-disciplinary approach to this critical process, Aeration Control System Design comprehensively addresses the concept and system design of aeration activated wastewater treatment. Covering complete treatment of aeration system controls, processes, and instrumentation, this hands-on text provides civil and environmental engineers, mechanical engineers, and electrical/instrumentation engineers with theoretical and mathematical treatment of case histories, complete with design procedures and analysis methodology\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Soil respiration and the environment
The global environment is constantly changing and our planet is getting warmer at an unprecedented rate. The study of the carbon cycle, and soil respiration, is a very active area of research internationally because of its relationship to climate change. It is crucial for our understanding of ecosystem functions from plot levels to global scales. Although a great deal of literature on soil respiration has been accumulated in the past several years, the material has not yet been synthesized into one place until now. This book synthesizes the already published research findings and presents the fundamentals of this subject. Including information on global carbon cycling, climate changes, ecosystem productivity, crop production, and soil fertility, this book will be of interest to scientists, researchers, and students across many disciplines. * A key reference for the scientific community on global climate change, ecosystem studies, and soil ecology* Describes the myriad ways that soils respire and howthis activity influences the environment* Covers a breadth of topics ranging from methodologyto comparative analyses of different ecosystem types* The first existing \"treatise\" on the subject
eBook
Advanced unsaturated soil mechanics and engineering
Analytical and comprehensive, this work examines the mechanics and engineering of unsaturated soils, as well as explaining the laboratory and field testing, and research that are the logical basis of this modern approach to safe construction in these hazardous geomaterials.
Book
Experimental Aeration Investigations on Supersaturated Total Dissolved Gas Dissipation
Supersaturation of total dissolved gas (TDG) is mainly produced by high dam discharge, excess oxygen production by plant photosynthesis, and a sharp increase in water temperature, which may directly lead to fish and aquatic organisms suffering from “gas bubble disease” (GBD) or death. Aeration was one of the methods used to solve the dissipation of supersaturated TDG. In this paper, aeration had an obvious promotion effect on the dissipation of supersaturated TDG. For the calculation and analysis of supersaturated TDG dissipation coefficient, the aeration rate was proportional to TDG dissipation coefficient and had a promoting effect on it, while the aeration depth and aeration aperture were inversely proportional to TDG dissipation coefficient and played an inhibitory effect on it. The supersaturated TDG dissipation coefficient was affected by a factor of KTDG,Q> KTDG,D> KTDG,H. A quantitative relationship between the supersaturated TDG dissipation coefficient and aeration rate, aeration depth, and aeration aperture was obtained, respectively, as well as important expressions with comprehensive effect factors; their margins of error average within 10%. This research method has an important guiding significance for improving the living environment of fish and other aquatic organisms, alleviating the adverse effects of supersaturated TDG.
Journal Article
Diversified aeration facilities for effective aquaculture systems—a comprehensive review
The growing intensive aquaculture system around the world maintains a high stocking density, wherein it is essential to increase and sustain the optimum dissolved oxygen concentration (DO) through the provision of artificial aeration systems. The selection of an aerator is a crucial aspect of aquaculture operations. The selected aerator must be economically efficient and should be able to fulfill the requirement of oxygen supply in the pond water. The present study provides an extensive literature review on the importance of artificial aeration in aquaculture, the standard method of test for performance evaluation of an aerator, various aeration systems and their mechanisms, method to determine the numbers of aerator requirement, comparative studies of different type of aerators, and economic consideration in selection of aerators. In addition, a thorough analysis has been done to suggest the type of aerator that is economically viable and efficient for different pond volumes based on the performance data reported in the reviews. Therefore, this study may help the end-users (fish farmers) to select the best aerator based on their requirements.
Journal Article
Experimental investigation and modeling on the supersaturated total dissolved gas (TDG) dissipation in aeration
Supersaturated total dissolved gas generation in rivers poses great harm to aquatic organisms. Thirty groups of supersaturated TDG dissipation experiments with aeration were carried out in three different types of water depth. These results showed that the reduced proportion of aeration aperture was 35.51% from 215 to 260 mm, the aeration rate decreased by 34.94% from 1.0 to 5.0 m3/h, whereas the aeration depth increased by 16.93% from 0.4 to 1.2 m. And the aeration rate from 1.0 to 5.0 m3/h, aeration aperture from 215 to 260 mm and aeration depth from 0.4 to 1.2 m, the variations of supersaturated TDG dissipation coefficients were 86.26, 23.74 and −5.39%, respectively. A quantitative relationship was established between supersaturated TDG dissipation coefficient and aeration conditions, the average error was 27.10%. And the TDG dissipation coefficients were elevated with the increasing aeration and aeration aperture in a power function relationship, while the aeration depth inhibited its dissipation. Moreover, when the critical TDG source treatment sensitivity parameter was β = 10.52, the error between the original experimental data and the simulated values of a multiphase TDG dissipation model was 0.2%. The study provides essential scientific data and guiding recommendations for mitigating the harms of supersaturated TDG and protecting the ecological environment.
Journal Article
Microplastic Shape, Polymer Type, and Concentration Affect Soil Properties and Plant Biomass
Microplastics may enter the soil in a wide range of shapes and polymers. However, little is known about the effects that microplastics of different shapes, polymers, and concentration may have on soil properties and plant performance. To address this, we selected 12 microplastics representing different shapes (fibers, films, foams, and fragments) and polymers, and mixed them each with soil at a concentration of 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, and 0.4%. A phytometer ( Daucus carota ) grew in each pot during 4 weeks. Shoot, root mass, soil aggregation, and microbial activity were measured. All shapes increased plant biomass. Shoot mass increased by ∼27% with fibers, ∼60% with films, ∼45% with foams, and by ∼54% with fragments, as fibers hold water in the soil for longer, films decrease soil bulk density, and foams and fragments can increase soil aeration and macroporosity, which overall promote plant performance. By contrast, all shapes decreased soil aggregation by ∼25% as microplastics may introduce fracture points into aggregates and due to potential negative effects on soil biota. The latter may also explain the decrease in microbial activity with, for example, polyethylene films. Our findings show that shape, polymer type, and concentration are key properties when studying microplastic effects on terrestrial systems.
Journal Article
Micro-aeration: an attractive strategy to facilitate anaerobic digestion
Micro-aeration can facilitate anaerobic digestion (AD) by regulating microbial communities and promoting the growth of facultative taxa, thereby increasing methane yield and stabilizing the AD process. Additionally, micro-aeration contributes to hydrogen sulfide stripping by oxidization to produce molecular sulfur or sulfuric acid. Although micro-aeration can positively affect AD, it must be strictly regulated to maintain an overall anaerobic environment that permits anaerobic microorganisms to thrive. Even so, obligate anaerobes, especially methanogens, could suffer from oxidative stress during micro-aeration. This review describes the applications of micro-aeration in AD and examines the cutting-edge advances in how methanogens survive under oxygen stress. Moreover, barriers and corresponding solutions are proposed to move micro-aeration technology closer to application at scale.
Micro-aeration represents a promising strategy to facilitate anaerobic digestion (AD), as it enhances hydrolysis, improves methane yield, oxidizes specific pollutants, and thereby overall improves AD.Low oxygen solubility in water, rapid consumption of dissolved oxygen by facultative microbes, the formation of microbial aggregates, and the intrinsic tolerance of some methanogenic species to oxygen are suggested as potential mechanisms for unimpaired AD process in response to oxygen exposure.Fundamental understanding of anaerobic microorganisms’ tolerance to oxygen stress and long-term pilot scale tests of effects of micro-aeration on AD are needed in order to move micro-aeration technology closer to applications.
Journal Article
Aeration, Mixing, and Energy
Aeration, Mixing, and Energy: Bubbles and Sparks is the first book on bubbles and sparks, presenting the state-of-the-art on aeration and mixing technology for water and wastewater treatment systems. Aeration and mixing are the heart of wastewater treatment and must be performed well and at high efficiency for successful treatment. After reviewing the most current aeration systems, this book presents the best ways of measuring aeration system performance and to use those measurements for design, control, and sustainable operations. A team of experts in the field were assembled to help write this book, which is the product of several years of work and decades of combined experience. Aeration, Mixing, and Energy: Bubbles and Sparks is a valuable complement to any book on water reclamation and wastewater treatment.
eBook
Prediction of standard aeration efficiency of a propeller diffused aeration system using response surface methodology and an artificial neural network
Aeration experiments were conducted in a masonry tank to study the effects of operating parameters on the standard aeration efficiency (SAE) of a propeller diffused aeration (PDA) system. The operating parameters included the rotational speed of shaft (N), submergence depth (h), and propeller angle (α). The response surface methodology (RSM) and an artificial neural network (ANN) were used for modelling and optimizing the standard aeration efficiency (SAE) of a PDA system. The results of both approaches were compared for their modelling abilities in terms of coefficient of determination (R2), root mean square error (RMSE), and mean absolute error (MAE), computed from experimental and predicted data. ANN models were proved to be superior to RSM. The results indicate that for achieving the maximum standard aeration efficiency (SAE), N, h and α should be 1,000 rpm, 0.50 m, and 12°, respectively. The maximum SAE was found to be 1.711 kg O2/ kWh. Cross-validation results show that best approximation of the optimal values of input parameters for maximizing SAE is possible with a maximum deviation (absolute error) of ±15.2% between the model predicted and experimental values.
Journal Article