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The Strep -tag II is an eight-residue minimal peptide sequence (Trp-Ser-His-Pro-Gln-Phe-Glu-Lys) that exhibits intrinsic affinity toward streptavidin and can be fused to recombinant proteins in various fashions. We describe a protocol that enables quick and mild purification of corresponding Strep -tag II fusion proteins—including their complexes with interacting partners—both from bacterial and eukaryotic cell lysates using affinity chromatography on a matrix carrying an engineered streptavidin ( Strep -Tactin), which can be accomplished within 1 h. A high-affinity monoclonal antibody ( Strep MAB-Immo) permits stable immobilization of Strep -tag II fusion proteins to solid surfaces, for example, for surface plasmon resonance analysis. Selective and sensitive detection on western blots is achieved with Strep -Tactin/enzyme conjugates or another monoclonal antibody ( Strep MAB-Classic). Thus, the Strep -tag II, which is short, biologically inert, proteolytically stable and does not interfere with membrane translocation or protein folding, offers a versatile tool both for the rapid isolation of a functional gene product and for its detection or molecular interaction analysis.

ProteomeBinders is a new European consortium aiming to establish a comprehensive resource of well-characterized affinity reagents, including but not limited to antibodies, for analysis of the human proteome. Given the huge diversity of the proteome, the scale of the project is potentially immense but nevertheless feasible in the context of a pan-European or even worldwide coordination. NOTE: In the version of the article originally published, Manfred Koegl’s name was misspelled. Additionally, Zoltan Konthur's affiliation was listed incorrectly; it should be Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, 14195 Berlin, Germany. These errors have been corrected in the HTML and PDF versions of the article.

Tandem affinity purification (TAP) is a generic two-step affinity purification protocol that enables the isolation of protein complexes under close-to-physiological conditions for subsequent analysis by mass spectrometry. Although TAP was instrumental in elucidating the yeast cellular machinery, in mammalian cells the method suffers from a low overall yield. We designed several dual-affinity tags optimized for use in mammalian cells and compared the efficiency of each tag to the conventional TAP tag. A tag based on protein G and the streptavidin-binding peptide (GS-TAP) resulted in a tenfold increase in protein-complex yield and improved the specificity of the procedure. This allows purification of protein complexes that were hitherto not amenable to TAP and use of less starting material, leading to higher success rates and enabling systematic interaction proteomics projects. Using the well-characterized Ku70-Ku80 protein complex as an example, we identified both core elements as well as new candidate effectors. *Note: In the version of this article initially published online, the GS-TAP tag in Figure 3b was incorrectly identified as a GC-TAP tag, and the email address for material requests (materials@cemm.oeaw.ac.at) was omitted from the methods section. The errors have been corrected for all versions of the article.

Virtually all recombinant proteins are now prepared using fusion domains also known as “tags”. The use of tags helps to solve some serious problems: to simplify procedures of protein isolation, to increase expression and solubility of the desired protein, to simplify protein refolding and increase its efficiency, and to prevent proteolysis. In this review, advantages and disadvantages of such fusion tags are analyzed and data on both well-known and new tags are generalized. The authors own data are also presented.

Tandem affinity purification (TAP) is a methodology for the isolation of protein complexes from endogenous sources. It involves incorporation of a dual-affinity tag into the protein of interest and introduction of the construct into desired cell lines or organisms. Using the two affinity handles, the protein complex assembled under physiological conditions, which contains the tagged target protein and its interacting partners, can be isolated by a sequential purification scheme. Compared with single-step purification, TAP greatly reduces non-specific background and isolates protein complexes with higher purity. TAP-based protein retrieval plus mass spectrometry-based analysis has become a standard approach for identification and characterization of multi-protein complexes. The present article gives an overview of the TAP method, with a focus on its key feature—the dual-affinity tag. In addition, the application of this technology in various systems is briefly discussed.

As key components in nearly every signal transduction pathway, protein kinases are attractive targets for the regulation of cellular signaling by small-molecule inhibitors. We report the structure-guided development of 6-acrylamido-4-anilinoquinazoline irreversible kinase inhibitors that potently and selectively target rationally designed kinases bearing two selectivity elements that are not found together in any wild-type kinase: an electrophile-targeted cysteine residue and a glycine gatekeeper residue. Cocrystal structures of two irreversible quinazoline inhibitors bound to either epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) or engineered c-Src show covalent inhibitor binding to the targeted cysteine (Cys797 in EGFR and Cys345 in engineered c-Src). To accommodate the new covalent bond, the quinazoline core adopts positions that are different from those seen in kinase structures with reversible quinazoline inhibitors. Based on these structures, we developed a fluorescent 6-acrylamido-4-anilinoquinazoline affinity probe to report the fraction of kinase necessary for cellular signaling, and we used these reagents to quantitate the relationship between EGFR stimulation by EGF and its downstream outputs—Akt, Erk1 and Erk2.

Metalloproteases are a large, diverse class of enzymes involved in many physiological and disease processes. Metalloproteases are regulated by post-translational mechanisms that diminish the effectiveness of conventional genomic and proteomic methods for their functional characterization. Chemical probes directed at active sites offer a potential way to measure metalloprotease activities in biological systems; however, large variations in structure limit the scope of any single small-molecule probe aimed at profiling this enzyme class. Here, we address this problem by creating a library of metalloprotease-directed probes that show complementary target selectivity. These probes were applied as a 'cocktail' to proteomes and their labeling profiles were analyzed collectively using an advanced liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry platform. More than 20 metalloproteases were identified, including members from nearly all of the major branches of this enzyme class. These findings suggest that chemical proteomic methods can serve as a universal strategy to profile the activity of the metalloprotease superfamily in complex biological systems.

In this study, we demonstrate a non-enzymatic method for hydrolytic peptide bond cleavage, applied to the removal of an affinity tag from a recombinant fusion protein, SPI2-SRHWAP-His(6). This method is based on a highly specific Ni(II) reaction with (S/T)XHZ peptide sequences. It can be applied for the protein attached to an affinity column or to the unbound protein in solution. We studied the effect of pH, temperature and Ni(II) concentration on the efficacy of cleavage and developed an analytical protocol, which provides active protein with a 90% yield and ∼100% purity. The method works well in the presence of non-ionic detergents, DTT and GuHCl, therefore providing a viable alternative for currently used techniques.

Easy and low-cost protein purification methods for the mass production of commonly used enzymes that play important roles in biotechnology are in high demand. In this study, we developed a fast, low-cost recombinant protein purification system in the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris using the family 3 cellulose-binding module (CBM3)-based affinity tag. The codon of the cbm3 gene from Clostridium thermocellum was optimized based on the codon usage of P. pastoris. The CBM3 tag was then fused with enhanced green fluorescent protein (CBM3-EGFP) or with inulinase and expressed in P. pastoris to demonstrate its ability to function as an affinity tag in a yeast expression system. We also examined the effects of glycosylation on the secreted CBM3-tag. The secreted wild-type CBM3-EGFP was glycosylated; however, this had little influence on the adsorption of the fusion protein to the regenerated amorphous cellulose (RAC; maximum adsorption capacity of 319 mg/g). Two CBM3-EGFP mutants lacking glycosylation sites were also constructed. The three CBM3-EGFPs expressed in P. pastoris and the CBM3-EGFP expressed in Escherichia coli all had similar RAC adsorption capacity. To construct a tag-free recombinant protein purification system based on CBM3, a CBM3-intein-EGFP fusion protein was expressed in P. pastoris. This fusion protein was stably expressed and the self-cleavage of intein was efficiently induced by DTT or l-cysteine. In this study, we were able to purify the recombinant fusion protein with high efficiency using both intein and direct fusion-based strategies.

Proteomics research requires methods to characterize the expression and function of proteins in complex mixtures. Toward this end, chemical probes that incorporate known affinity labeling agents have facilitated the activity-based profiling of certain enzyme families. To accelerate the discovery of proteomics probes for enzyme classes lacking cognate affinity labels, we describe here a combinatorial strategy. Members of a probe library bearing a sulfonate ester chemotype were screened against complex proteomes for activity-dependent protein reactivity, resulting in the labeling of at least six mechanistically distinct enzyme classes. Surprisingly, none of these enzymes represented targets of previously described proteomics probes. The sulfonate library was used to identify an omega-class glutathione S -transferase whose activity was upregulated in invasive human breast cancer lines. These results indicate that activity-based probes compatible with whole-proteome analysis can be developed for numerous enzyme classes and applied to identify enzymes associated with discrete pathological states.